Friday, June 6, 2008
Current Events Reflection
I did learn a lot by having to do current events every week, although I did not always feel enthusiastic about it; at the beginning of the year when the current events bookmarks were assigned, I though "Oh god, just another stupid thing I'm going to have hanging over my head the WHOLE. ENTIRE. YEAR." But once I actually found good sources, I didn't mind at all, and I was happy to know what was going on in the world and not feel like an ignorant teenager. I read Newsweek before we started doing current events, but that's more focused on events in America, so by having to do the bookmarks, I was finding out more about what was going on in the world and was able to understand some of the things happening in the world more. I could have learned more about current events, maybe, if I had to do more than one region every week, or if i had to research one story that I found every week; not necessarily more, but it would be more in depth on one subject. I think that the bookmarks are the best way to get a good balance of current events and history, though; if we had to do more work for current events, it would be too much focus on that and not enough in history. Next time, I would try to branch out with my sources. I had a few sources, but I mostly used bbcnews.com, so it would probably be better to try to get information from other places as well that might have different perspectives or ways of writing about stories. What could be improved on Mr. Scott's part is the Wikispaces summaries at the end of each quarter; I never really felt like I knew exactly what was expected of me when doing them, and we never got our grades, so I didn't know what I was doing right or wrong. A little more clarity on the instructions would be nice next time. I do think that I will keep reading the news. I like knowing what's going on in different parts of the world; it's important to be aware of your surroundings in order to be a balanced person with a good understanding of the world.
Wednesday, June 4, 2008
Chapter 34 Section 2 Study Guide
The Domestic Economy: Good News and Bad News
1. What was the good news? Millions of new jobs were created between 1993 and 1999; by 2000, unemployment rates fell to the lowest they had been since 1970.
2. What was the bad news? Wage inequality between upper and lower-income Americans (aka the income back) became much wider, and median household income dropped.
The Changing Domestic Economy:
3. What trends led to explosive growth in the service sector? How did this affect workers? Positions in service sector jobs were often part-time and temporary with limited benefits, and grew fast in the '90's; by 2000, 80% of Americans worked in such jobs. Low paying jobs like sales and fast food service grew fastest. Corporations did not want to invest in salaries and benefits for a full-time staff, so they started hiring temporary workers and downsizing (cutting payrolls to streamline operations and increase profits). By 1998, one fourth of America's work force worked in such positions, but because of the cuts and downsizing, younger workers had a higher unemployment rate. By 1999, an average of 11% of workers aged 16 to 24 were unemployed, more than double the national rate, and 75% of young workers were expected to earn less money as adults than their parents.
4. What trends led to explosive growth in temporary work? How were workers affected?
The same answer as before: Corporations did not want to invest in salaries and benefits for a full-time staff, so they started hiring temporary workers and downsizing (cutting payrolls to streamline operations and increase profits). By 1998, one fourth of America's work force worked in such positions, but because of the cuts and downsizing, younger workers had a higher unemployment rate. By 1999, an average of 11% of workers aged 16 to 24 were unemployed, more than double the national rate, and 75% of young workers were expected to earn less money as adults than their parents.
5. What trend led to a sharp decline in manufacturing jobs? How were workers affected? Because of the huge growth of jobs in the service sector, traditional manufacturing jobs declined hugely; in 1992, 140,000 steel workers did the same work that 240,000 did a decade beforehand. This contributed to a drop in participation in unions; by 1998, only 14% of Americans were union members because many workers either did not feel the need for them or were frightened that they would lose their jobs. The increase in high tech machinery cut many jobs, but it also made a powerful new "high-tech" economy.
6. What trend led to explosive growth in the high tech industry? How were workers affected? In the 1990s, many entrepreneurs turned to computer technology; this and the large amount of related businesses that cropped up went with the growth of the Internet in the '90s; the NASDAQ, which is a "technology dominated stock index" on Wall Street, rose hugely; they largely dealt with dotcoms, which became the place for new businesses to start out and attracted new talents and expanded rapidly. many quit their jobs and became stock traders online.
The Changing Global Economy:
7. What trend affected international trade and competition? How did those trends affect U.S. businesses and workers? In 1994 in response to increasing international competition in trading, the U.S. and other nations joined in signing and updated version of the general Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This established the World Trade Organization to resolve trade disputes and lowered tariffs and other trade barriers. In the 1990s, companies started moving their operations to less economically advanced countries such as Mexico, which, after the passage of NAFTA, caused more than 100,000 low wage jobs to be lost in industries such as apparel, auto parts and electronics. The international competition also caused Americans corporations to maintain lower wages.
1. What was the good news? Millions of new jobs were created between 1993 and 1999; by 2000, unemployment rates fell to the lowest they had been since 1970.
2. What was the bad news? Wage inequality between upper and lower-income Americans (aka the income back) became much wider, and median household income dropped.
The Changing Domestic Economy:
3. What trends led to explosive growth in the service sector? How did this affect workers? Positions in service sector jobs were often part-time and temporary with limited benefits, and grew fast in the '90's; by 2000, 80% of Americans worked in such jobs. Low paying jobs like sales and fast food service grew fastest. Corporations did not want to invest in salaries and benefits for a full-time staff, so they started hiring temporary workers and downsizing (cutting payrolls to streamline operations and increase profits). By 1998, one fourth of America's work force worked in such positions, but because of the cuts and downsizing, younger workers had a higher unemployment rate. By 1999, an average of 11% of workers aged 16 to 24 were unemployed, more than double the national rate, and 75% of young workers were expected to earn less money as adults than their parents.
4. What trends led to explosive growth in temporary work? How were workers affected?
The same answer as before: Corporations did not want to invest in salaries and benefits for a full-time staff, so they started hiring temporary workers and downsizing (cutting payrolls to streamline operations and increase profits). By 1998, one fourth of America's work force worked in such positions, but because of the cuts and downsizing, younger workers had a higher unemployment rate. By 1999, an average of 11% of workers aged 16 to 24 were unemployed, more than double the national rate, and 75% of young workers were expected to earn less money as adults than their parents.
5. What trend led to a sharp decline in manufacturing jobs? How were workers affected? Because of the huge growth of jobs in the service sector, traditional manufacturing jobs declined hugely; in 1992, 140,000 steel workers did the same work that 240,000 did a decade beforehand. This contributed to a drop in participation in unions; by 1998, only 14% of Americans were union members because many workers either did not feel the need for them or were frightened that they would lose their jobs. The increase in high tech machinery cut many jobs, but it also made a powerful new "high-tech" economy.
6. What trend led to explosive growth in the high tech industry? How were workers affected? In the 1990s, many entrepreneurs turned to computer technology; this and the large amount of related businesses that cropped up went with the growth of the Internet in the '90s; the NASDAQ, which is a "technology dominated stock index" on Wall Street, rose hugely; they largely dealt with dotcoms, which became the place for new businesses to start out and attracted new talents and expanded rapidly. many quit their jobs and became stock traders online.
The Changing Global Economy:
7. What trend affected international trade and competition? How did those trends affect U.S. businesses and workers? In 1994 in response to increasing international competition in trading, the U.S. and other nations joined in signing and updated version of the general Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This established the World Trade Organization to resolve trade disputes and lowered tariffs and other trade barriers. In the 1990s, companies started moving their operations to less economically advanced countries such as Mexico, which, after the passage of NAFTA, caused more than 100,000 low wage jobs to be lost in industries such as apparel, auto parts and electronics. The international competition also caused Americans corporations to maintain lower wages.
Monday, May 26, 2008
Chapter 33 Section 1 Study Guide
Note the individuals, groups and institutions that fueled the conservative movement. Then identify issues the New Right emphasized as well as the interests it promoted.
A.
1) Individuals: "Conservative intellectuals" argued in favor of conservatism in newspapers such as The Wall Street Journal and magazines such as The National Review, which was founded by the conservative William F. Buckley, Jr in 1955 (p. 1037). Influential televangelists Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson preached conservative views on TV and the radio. Falwell formed the organization The Moral Majority, which was a group for evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally and condemned liberal beliefs as "wrong" and their own beliefs as "right" (p. 1037-38). Conservative Ronald Reagan and his running mate George h.W. Bush were elected as president and vice-president in 1980. His beliefs were all things that conservatives were concerned about: the Roe v. Wade decision, pornography, the teaching of evolution in schools and prayer in schools, which had been banned by the Supreme Court in 1962.
2) Groups and Institutions: The conservative coalition was a number of conservative groups that came together in an alliance for "business leaders, middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats and fundamentalist Christian groups" (p. 1037). Other conservative groups such as the American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation were founded to create conservative policies that would appeal to the average American and the majority of voters. organization The Moral Majority, which was a group for evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally and condemned liberal beliefs as "wrong" and their own beliefs as "right". They raised money to support conservative candidates and did "direct-mail campaigns", both of which were attempts to get closer to their political goals. (p. 1037-38).
3) Issues and Interests:
The issues and interests of the new conservative group were mainly linked to religious beliefs: Conservatives were concerned about the Roe v. Wade decision, the teaching of evolution in schools, the ban on schools prayer, the lack of traditional "family values"(a.k.a. Christian values). The groups' main political goals were to reduce the size of the federal government and spending, promote traditional family values and "patriotic ideals", stimulate business by reducing government regulations and lowering taxes, and strengthen the national defense.
B.
Identify four factors that lead to Ronald Reagan's victory
1) The Iranian hostage crisis and weak economy under Jimmy Carter, who was his political opponent in the 1980 election, made him seem highly electable to the American public.
2) His conservative beliefs matched those of concerned conservatives who were unhappy with America's status on abortion, prayer in schools, the teaching of evolution in schools and other such issues made him popular with the right wing.
3) As an actor and a politician with years of experience, he was very comfortable and charming whilst in the public eye, making jokes and seeming relaxed, as opposed to Carter, who appeared stiff and uncomfortable in public.
4) Reagan had been elected as governor of California two times, and had given a speech nominating Barry Goldwater as a Republican presidential candidate, making him seen eligible for election in public office. He was also a spokesman for General Electric, and traveled the country promoting free enterprise and shrinking the federal government.
A.
1) Individuals: "Conservative intellectuals" argued in favor of conservatism in newspapers such as The Wall Street Journal and magazines such as The National Review, which was founded by the conservative William F. Buckley, Jr in 1955 (p. 1037). Influential televangelists Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson preached conservative views on TV and the radio. Falwell formed the organization The Moral Majority, which was a group for evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally and condemned liberal beliefs as "wrong" and their own beliefs as "right" (p. 1037-38). Conservative Ronald Reagan and his running mate George h.W. Bush were elected as president and vice-president in 1980. His beliefs were all things that conservatives were concerned about: the Roe v. Wade decision, pornography, the teaching of evolution in schools and prayer in schools, which had been banned by the Supreme Court in 1962.
2) Groups and Institutions: The conservative coalition was a number of conservative groups that came together in an alliance for "business leaders, middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats and fundamentalist Christian groups" (p. 1037). Other conservative groups such as the American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation were founded to create conservative policies that would appeal to the average American and the majority of voters. organization The Moral Majority, which was a group for evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally and condemned liberal beliefs as "wrong" and their own beliefs as "right". They raised money to support conservative candidates and did "direct-mail campaigns", both of which were attempts to get closer to their political goals. (p. 1037-38).
3) Issues and Interests:
The issues and interests of the new conservative group were mainly linked to religious beliefs: Conservatives were concerned about the Roe v. Wade decision, the teaching of evolution in schools, the ban on schools prayer, the lack of traditional "family values"(a.k.a. Christian values). The groups' main political goals were to reduce the size of the federal government and spending, promote traditional family values and "patriotic ideals", stimulate business by reducing government regulations and lowering taxes, and strengthen the national defense.
B.
Identify four factors that lead to Ronald Reagan's victory
1) The Iranian hostage crisis and weak economy under Jimmy Carter, who was his political opponent in the 1980 election, made him seem highly electable to the American public.
2) His conservative beliefs matched those of concerned conservatives who were unhappy with America's status on abortion, prayer in schools, the teaching of evolution in schools and other such issues made him popular with the right wing.
3) As an actor and a politician with years of experience, he was very comfortable and charming whilst in the public eye, making jokes and seeming relaxed, as opposed to Carter, who appeared stiff and uncomfortable in public.
4) Reagan had been elected as governor of California two times, and had given a speech nominating Barry Goldwater as a Republican presidential candidate, making him seen eligible for election in public office. He was also a spokesman for General Electric, and traveled the country promoting free enterprise and shrinking the federal government.
Wednesday, May 21, 2008
Chapter 31 Section 3 Worksheet
Oil Consumption in the 1970s
1. What was the trend in oil consumption from 1970 to 1973?
The amount of oil consumed by the U.S. went up steadily from 1970 to 1973. The amount consumed rose from about 28 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu.
2. How much oil did Americans consume in 1973?
Americans consumed 34 quadrillion Btu of oil in 1973.
3. In which year during the 1970s was oil consumption the greatest?
Oil consumption was the greatest during the 1970s in in 1978, when it reached a peak of 37 quadrillion Btu.
4. Why where there rather sharp declines in oil consumption after 1973 and 1979?
From 1973 to 1974, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) were angry with the U.S.'s support of Israel in the 1973 war with its Arabian neighbors. They retaliated by cutting oil exports to the U.S. and raising the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel, causing U.S. gasoline and heating oil prices to grow exponentially. In 1979, OPEC raised the price of oil again, this time from $12 a barrel to more than $30 a barrel.
5. What do you imagine happened to oil consumption in 1981? Why?
I assume that U.S. oil consumption declined steadily after 1979, when the price of oil rose from $12 a barrel to $30 a barrel. On the graph provided on the worksheet, it is shown that the U.S.'s oil consumption fell from about 37 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu. Unless the price of oil dropped drastically, it can be assumed that consumption would follow the same pattern.
6. Logically, why should the percentage of imported oil consumed in the United States have dropped in 1973-1974?
"Logically", the percentage of imported oil imported to the U.S. should have dropped in 1973 and 1974 because the leaders of OPEC, and organization which basically decided the price of oil, cut exports to the U.S. and raised the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel. It follows, ("logically", of course), that the U.S.'s consumption would fall.
Why do you think it did not?
I think it did not because by the point in the time that the prices were raised hugely, the U.S. was so dependent on foreign oil that simply not buying it was not an option anymore. So the imported oil to the U.S. did not drop, but it didn't rise either.
7. Until 1969, imported oil had never been more than 19.8% of the total amount of the oil consumed in the United States. In your own words, summarize what happened to U.S. reliance on foreign oil in the 1970s.
During the 1970s, for whatever reason (probably lack of national resources), the U.S.'s dependence on foreign oil went up exponentially. It went from 19.8% as the total amount imported in 1969 to a peak of 46% in 1977. The U.S. went from having little oil exported to being dependent on it for almost half of the oil consumed in the 1970s
1. What was the trend in oil consumption from 1970 to 1973?
The amount of oil consumed by the U.S. went up steadily from 1970 to 1973. The amount consumed rose from about 28 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu.
2. How much oil did Americans consume in 1973?
Americans consumed 34 quadrillion Btu of oil in 1973.
3. In which year during the 1970s was oil consumption the greatest?
Oil consumption was the greatest during the 1970s in in 1978, when it reached a peak of 37 quadrillion Btu.
4. Why where there rather sharp declines in oil consumption after 1973 and 1979?
From 1973 to 1974, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) were angry with the U.S.'s support of Israel in the 1973 war with its Arabian neighbors. They retaliated by cutting oil exports to the U.S. and raising the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel, causing U.S. gasoline and heating oil prices to grow exponentially. In 1979, OPEC raised the price of oil again, this time from $12 a barrel to more than $30 a barrel.
5. What do you imagine happened to oil consumption in 1981? Why?
I assume that U.S. oil consumption declined steadily after 1979, when the price of oil rose from $12 a barrel to $30 a barrel. On the graph provided on the worksheet, it is shown that the U.S.'s oil consumption fell from about 37 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu. Unless the price of oil dropped drastically, it can be assumed that consumption would follow the same pattern.
6. Logically, why should the percentage of imported oil consumed in the United States have dropped in 1973-1974?
"Logically", the percentage of imported oil imported to the U.S. should have dropped in 1973 and 1974 because the leaders of OPEC, and organization which basically decided the price of oil, cut exports to the U.S. and raised the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel. It follows, ("logically", of course), that the U.S.'s consumption would fall.
Why do you think it did not?
I think it did not because by the point in the time that the prices were raised hugely, the U.S. was so dependent on foreign oil that simply not buying it was not an option anymore. So the imported oil to the U.S. did not drop, but it didn't rise either.
7. Until 1969, imported oil had never been more than 19.8% of the total amount of the oil consumed in the United States. In your own words, summarize what happened to U.S. reliance on foreign oil in the 1970s.
During the 1970s, for whatever reason (probably lack of national resources), the U.S.'s dependence on foreign oil went up exponentially. It went from 19.8% as the total amount imported in 1969 to a peak of 46% in 1977. The U.S. went from having little oil exported to being dependent on it for almost half of the oil consumed in the 1970s
Friday, May 16, 2008
Chapter 31 Section 2 Study Guide
How did each of the following helped create or advance the women's rights movement?
1. Experiences in the Workplace: only one out of three women worked for wages in the 1950s, but by the 1960s the number had increased by 40%. At the time, though , there were "women's jobs" and "men's jobs'; women were generally nurses, social work, teaching, retail sales, etc. This was mostly ignored until President Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women showed that women working the same jobs earned far less and were rarely appointed to management positions. This made many women realize how unequal they really were in society.
2. Experiences in Social Activism: Women who were involved in Civil Rights era activism realized there, that women were treated unfairly even by groups that were meant to equalize people. In organizations such as the SNCC, men did most of the major work and planning while women were assigned lesser roles and were ignored by men when they protested this. This inspired many women to organize groups to talk about problems women faced in society...
3. "Consciousness Raising": ...in these groups, women shared their experiences with each other and were able to discover that they were not the only ones feeling unequal, and were shown that there was a frequent pattern of sexism in all of their lives.
4. Feminism: The belief that women should have economic, political and social equality to men, gained popularity in the mid-1800s and ended up with women winning the vote in 1919. After women won the vote, feminism declined, but was reawakened in the 1960 because of the political activism of the time. Inspired women to fight for their rights.
5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: A best seller in the 1960s, The Feminine Mystique expressed the feelings of many women at the time who weren't content with their roles in society and made many women more inspired to be active about it; by the end of the 1960s many women were working together to change things.
6. Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination based on gender, race, religion, or national origin. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which handled discrimination claims.
7. National Organization for Women (NOW): Many women felt that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the EEOC didn't adequately handle women's problems, and so NOW was established by activist Gloria Steinem and 28 other women. it pushed for the creation of childcare programs that would allow mothers to pursue educations and jobs, pressured the EEOC to pursue cases of gender discrimination in employment more vigorously, which prompted the EEOC to make it illegal for jobs to be sex segregated.
8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine: Steinem helped to found the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971, a group that encouraged women to seek political office. She also founded Ms. Magazine, a magazine that looked at contemporary issues from a feminist perspective.
9. Congress: Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in "any education program or activity receiving federal finance" in 1972, as a part of the Higher Education Act. It also expanded the powers of the EEOC and gave working parents tax break for child care expenses.
10. Supreme Court: In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in Roe. v. Wade that a woman had the right to an abortion in her first trimester. Many thought that this decision would cool the public debate on the topic, but it is still a controversial topic.
1. Experiences in the Workplace: only one out of three women worked for wages in the 1950s, but by the 1960s the number had increased by 40%. At the time, though , there were "women's jobs" and "men's jobs'; women were generally nurses, social work, teaching, retail sales, etc. This was mostly ignored until President Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women showed that women working the same jobs earned far less and were rarely appointed to management positions. This made many women realize how unequal they really were in society.
2. Experiences in Social Activism: Women who were involved in Civil Rights era activism realized there, that women were treated unfairly even by groups that were meant to equalize people. In organizations such as the SNCC, men did most of the major work and planning while women were assigned lesser roles and were ignored by men when they protested this. This inspired many women to organize groups to talk about problems women faced in society...
3. "Consciousness Raising": ...in these groups, women shared their experiences with each other and were able to discover that they were not the only ones feeling unequal, and were shown that there was a frequent pattern of sexism in all of their lives.
4. Feminism: The belief that women should have economic, political and social equality to men, gained popularity in the mid-1800s and ended up with women winning the vote in 1919. After women won the vote, feminism declined, but was reawakened in the 1960 because of the political activism of the time. Inspired women to fight for their rights.
5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: A best seller in the 1960s, The Feminine Mystique expressed the feelings of many women at the time who weren't content with their roles in society and made many women more inspired to be active about it; by the end of the 1960s many women were working together to change things.
6. Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination based on gender, race, religion, or national origin. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which handled discrimination claims.
7. National Organization for Women (NOW): Many women felt that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the EEOC didn't adequately handle women's problems, and so NOW was established by activist Gloria Steinem and 28 other women. it pushed for the creation of childcare programs that would allow mothers to pursue educations and jobs, pressured the EEOC to pursue cases of gender discrimination in employment more vigorously, which prompted the EEOC to make it illegal for jobs to be sex segregated.
8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine: Steinem helped to found the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971, a group that encouraged women to seek political office. She also founded Ms. Magazine, a magazine that looked at contemporary issues from a feminist perspective.
9. Congress: Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in "any education program or activity receiving federal finance" in 1972, as a part of the Higher Education Act. It also expanded the powers of the EEOC and gave working parents tax break for child care expenses.
10. Supreme Court: In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in Roe. v. Wade that a woman had the right to an abortion in her first trimester. Many thought that this decision would cool the public debate on the topic, but it is still a controversial topic.
Wednesday, May 14, 2008
Chapter 31 Section 1 Study Guide
What did Latinos campaign for?
1. Improved working conditions and better treatment for farm workers:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?: The National Farm Workers Association merged with a Filipino agricultural union to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. The union demanded to be recognized by fruit and veg companies in return for workers being employed by them. When a grape company refused these conditions,a nation wide boycott of the company's grapes was started. Farm workers were sent to supermarkets to convince them and shoppers not to buy California grapes.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The leader of the organization, Caesar Chavez met with Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and in 1970 the grape company and the union came to an agreement: union workers would be given higher wages and other benefits that they had been denied for years.
2. Education programs for Spanish-speaking students:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Puerto Rican population of New York started demanding that there be classes for Spanish-speaking children in their own language along with programs about their culture.
The Brown Berets was a group that organized walk outs in Los Angeles schools. About 15,000 students left the schools and demanded that there be more Mexican American teachers and administrators, smaller classes and programs that would help the high drop out rate in Latinos. Another Latino group won the establishment of "Chicano" (Mexican) study programs at colleges and universities.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The Bilingual Education Act was enacted by Congress in 1968, which provided funds for schools to develop bilingual and cultural programs for children that didn't speak English.
3. More political power:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Mexican American Political Association helped to get L.A. politician Edward Roybal elected to the House of Representatives. With the help of Latino political organization in the 1960s, 8 Latin Americans served in the House of Representatives, and one was elected as a senator. La Raza Unida is another political party established in the 1970s. It ran Latino candidates in 5 states and helped Latinos become mayors, parts of schools boards and city councils. Reis Tijerina lead a raid on the Rio Arriba County Courthouse in New Mexico, land that had been taken from Mexican landholders during the 1800s. The aim was to force people to recognize the plight of New Mexican farm workers, but they were later arrested.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
No laws were passed.
What did Native American groups campaign for?
4. Healthier, more secure lives of their own choosing:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Declaration of Indian Purpose was signed by representatives of 61 Native American groups. it called for the end of the "termination program" which was in effect to attempt to fix some of the problems facing native Americans, but in fact hadn't helped the Native Americans at all and was just causing problems. it was in favor of policies that created economic opportunities for Native Americans and stressed the importance of the N.A.'s to "find their own way of life".
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Lyndon Johnson established the National Council on Indian opportunity in 1968 to "ensure that programs reflect the needs and desires of the Indian people".
5. Restoration of Indian lands, burial grounds, fishing and timber rights:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
Native Americans, in order to get their land back, brought copies of old land treaties that had been broken by the U.S. to court and were able to get some of their land back. The Tao tribe of New Mexico, for example, regained possession of their sacred Blue Lake and some surrounding land. All throughout the 70s and 80s Native Americans went to court and regained their land as well as getting compensation for their losses.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Land claims by Alaskans caused the Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act of 1971, which gave more than 40 million acres of land and paid more than $962 in cash.
1. Improved working conditions and better treatment for farm workers:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?: The National Farm Workers Association merged with a Filipino agricultural union to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. The union demanded to be recognized by fruit and veg companies in return for workers being employed by them. When a grape company refused these conditions,a nation wide boycott of the company's grapes was started. Farm workers were sent to supermarkets to convince them and shoppers not to buy California grapes.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The leader of the organization, Caesar Chavez met with Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and in 1970 the grape company and the union came to an agreement: union workers would be given higher wages and other benefits that they had been denied for years.
2. Education programs for Spanish-speaking students:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Puerto Rican population of New York started demanding that there be classes for Spanish-speaking children in their own language along with programs about their culture.
The Brown Berets was a group that organized walk outs in Los Angeles schools. About 15,000 students left the schools and demanded that there be more Mexican American teachers and administrators, smaller classes and programs that would help the high drop out rate in Latinos. Another Latino group won the establishment of "Chicano" (Mexican) study programs at colleges and universities.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The Bilingual Education Act was enacted by Congress in 1968, which provided funds for schools to develop bilingual and cultural programs for children that didn't speak English.
3. More political power:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Mexican American Political Association helped to get L.A. politician Edward Roybal elected to the House of Representatives. With the help of Latino political organization in the 1960s, 8 Latin Americans served in the House of Representatives, and one was elected as a senator. La Raza Unida is another political party established in the 1970s. It ran Latino candidates in 5 states and helped Latinos become mayors, parts of schools boards and city councils. Reis Tijerina lead a raid on the Rio Arriba County Courthouse in New Mexico, land that had been taken from Mexican landholders during the 1800s. The aim was to force people to recognize the plight of New Mexican farm workers, but they were later arrested.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
No laws were passed.
What did Native American groups campaign for?
4. Healthier, more secure lives of their own choosing:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Declaration of Indian Purpose was signed by representatives of 61 Native American groups. it called for the end of the "termination program" which was in effect to attempt to fix some of the problems facing native Americans, but in fact hadn't helped the Native Americans at all and was just causing problems. it was in favor of policies that created economic opportunities for Native Americans and stressed the importance of the N.A.'s to "find their own way of life".
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Lyndon Johnson established the National Council on Indian opportunity in 1968 to "ensure that programs reflect the needs and desires of the Indian people".
5. Restoration of Indian lands, burial grounds, fishing and timber rights:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
Native Americans, in order to get their land back, brought copies of old land treaties that had been broken by the U.S. to court and were able to get some of their land back. The Tao tribe of New Mexico, for example, regained possession of their sacred Blue Lake and some surrounding land. All throughout the 70s and 80s Native Americans went to court and regained their land as well as getting compensation for their losses.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Land claims by Alaskans caused the Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act of 1971, which gave more than 40 million acres of land and paid more than $962 in cash.
Sunday, May 11, 2008
Chapter 25 Section 4 Study Guide
How did the war and its aftermath affect the following?
1. Labor: During the war, the need for laborers caused the unemployment rate to drop to 1.2% at the lowest in 1944 and the average weekly paycheck rose by 35%.
2. Agriculture: The weather for growing crops was good in the 1940s, and improvements in farm equipment and fertilizers added to this. Crop prices were rising rapidly, and crop production rose by 50% with the farm income tripling. Many farmers were able to pay off their mortgages by the end of the 40s.
3. Population Centers: During and after the war, many Americans migrated to find work in other places; California had 1 million people come in between 1941 and 1944, and towns that had factories that were producing things for the war had their populations double and sometimes triple. A great number of African Americans also left the South for northern cities in this period.
4. Family Life: Families were torn apart during the war as fathers were sent to fight overseas and mothers went to work during the day to support their families. Children were often left to daycare centers or in the care of relatives, and when the fathers came home from war the families had to get to know each other again. Many times, couples hurried to get married before their significant other was sent to the war; the number of marriage licenses went up by 300% in the early years of the war in Seattle.
5. Returning G.I.s: The Servicemen's Readjustment Act (a.k.a. the G.I. Bill of Rights) provided education and and training for men who were trying to readjust after coming home, all paid for by the government. About 7.8 million veterans (about half of all the veterans) attended colleges and technical schools because of the bill, and veterans buying homes or farms or starting businesses were given a federal loan guarantee.
How did these groups react to racism during and after the war?
6. African Americans: During the war African Americans were able to make progress towards equality, many moving north and the number of African Americans working skilled or semi-skilled jobs rising from 16% to 30%. To confront problems like discrimination and segregation, the Congress of Racial Equality was started, which combated urban segregation in the north and stages it-ins. In 1943, racial tension caused by African Americans moving into crowded cities erupted into a 3 day riot, which resulted in the death of 9 whites and 25 blacks. This forced people to see that racial tension in the U.S. was a serious problem, and by 1945 more than 400 committees dedicated to helping this problem had been established.
7. Mexican Americans: During the years of the war, there were a lot of anti-Mexican feelings, particularly in places like California where there were higher populations of Mexican Americans. In 1943 the anti-Mexican "zoot suit" (a zoot suit was a suit worn by Mexican American youths who wanted to rebel against tradition) riots broke out. The riot started when 11 sailors in Los Angeles claimed to have been attacked by Mexican Americans in zoot suits. the result was extreme violence : people barged into Mexican American neighborhoods and attacked anyone wearing zoot suits, ripping the suits off and beating them mercilessly.
8. Japanese Americans: Due to the fear resulting from Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, there was a wave of prejudice against Japanese Americans. In 1942, the War Department called for an emergency evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii. The military governor of Hawaii initially resisted this because it would screw with Hawaii's economy and would be bad for U.S. military operations there (37% of Hawaii's population was Japanese American), but was finally forced to allow the internment of 1,444 Japanese Americans. On the west coast, where 1% of the population was Japanese American, newspapers ran ugly stories attacking Japanese Americans, and stirred up prejudice in whites. In 1942 Roosevelt signed an order that required all people of Japanese ancestry in California to be removed to designated areas in Washington, Oregon and Arizona, saying it was a necessary security measure. The army then rounded up about 110,000 Japanese Americans and sent them to shoddy prison camps, which was justified as a "military necessity" by the Supreme Court in 1944's Korematsu v. United States. After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League pushed Congress to compensate these families, and the court designated the spending of $38 million as compensation, which was only a tenth of what Japanese Americans lost.
1. Labor: During the war, the need for laborers caused the unemployment rate to drop to 1.2% at the lowest in 1944 and the average weekly paycheck rose by 35%.
2. Agriculture: The weather for growing crops was good in the 1940s, and improvements in farm equipment and fertilizers added to this. Crop prices were rising rapidly, and crop production rose by 50% with the farm income tripling. Many farmers were able to pay off their mortgages by the end of the 40s.
3. Population Centers: During and after the war, many Americans migrated to find work in other places; California had 1 million people come in between 1941 and 1944, and towns that had factories that were producing things for the war had their populations double and sometimes triple. A great number of African Americans also left the South for northern cities in this period.
4. Family Life: Families were torn apart during the war as fathers were sent to fight overseas and mothers went to work during the day to support their families. Children were often left to daycare centers or in the care of relatives, and when the fathers came home from war the families had to get to know each other again. Many times, couples hurried to get married before their significant other was sent to the war; the number of marriage licenses went up by 300% in the early years of the war in Seattle.
5. Returning G.I.s: The Servicemen's Readjustment Act (a.k.a. the G.I. Bill of Rights) provided education and and training for men who were trying to readjust after coming home, all paid for by the government. About 7.8 million veterans (about half of all the veterans) attended colleges and technical schools because of the bill, and veterans buying homes or farms or starting businesses were given a federal loan guarantee.
How did these groups react to racism during and after the war?
6. African Americans: During the war African Americans were able to make progress towards equality, many moving north and the number of African Americans working skilled or semi-skilled jobs rising from 16% to 30%. To confront problems like discrimination and segregation, the Congress of Racial Equality was started, which combated urban segregation in the north and stages it-ins. In 1943, racial tension caused by African Americans moving into crowded cities erupted into a 3 day riot, which resulted in the death of 9 whites and 25 blacks. This forced people to see that racial tension in the U.S. was a serious problem, and by 1945 more than 400 committees dedicated to helping this problem had been established.
7. Mexican Americans: During the years of the war, there were a lot of anti-Mexican feelings, particularly in places like California where there were higher populations of Mexican Americans. In 1943 the anti-Mexican "zoot suit" (a zoot suit was a suit worn by Mexican American youths who wanted to rebel against tradition) riots broke out. The riot started when 11 sailors in Los Angeles claimed to have been attacked by Mexican Americans in zoot suits. the result was extreme violence : people barged into Mexican American neighborhoods and attacked anyone wearing zoot suits, ripping the suits off and beating them mercilessly.
8. Japanese Americans: Due to the fear resulting from Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, there was a wave of prejudice against Japanese Americans. In 1942, the War Department called for an emergency evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii. The military governor of Hawaii initially resisted this because it would screw with Hawaii's economy and would be bad for U.S. military operations there (37% of Hawaii's population was Japanese American), but was finally forced to allow the internment of 1,444 Japanese Americans. On the west coast, where 1% of the population was Japanese American, newspapers ran ugly stories attacking Japanese Americans, and stirred up prejudice in whites. In 1942 Roosevelt signed an order that required all people of Japanese ancestry in California to be removed to designated areas in Washington, Oregon and Arizona, saying it was a necessary security measure. The army then rounded up about 110,000 Japanese Americans and sent them to shoddy prison camps, which was justified as a "military necessity" by the Supreme Court in 1944's Korematsu v. United States. After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League pushed Congress to compensate these families, and the court designated the spending of $38 million as compensation, which was only a tenth of what Japanese Americans lost.
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