3) What do you think were the similarities and differences between Roosevelt's Big Stick and Wilson's missionary diplomacy?
-the goal of each of these foreign policies
-how the policies defined the role of U.S. intervention in international affairs
-how the policies were applied
Roosevelt's Big Stick was based on the African saying "speak softly and carry a big stick". Roosevelt's Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine, which basically told Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. The corollary said that the U.S. would "now use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America" (page 568). It goal was to keep things going well in Latin America as long as it benefited the U.S. Wilson's missionary diplomacy said that the United States had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests" (page 569). They were similar in that they both sought to keep things going well in Latin America, but while Roosevelt's corollary was enacted for the benefit of the U.S. and the U.S. only, while Wilson's missionary diplomacy made Roosevelt's Corollary more moral. It helped Latin America, and not just in cases that would help the U.S.
These defined the roll of U.S. intervention in foreign affairs because they showed why the U.S. was interested in helping . Under Roosevelt's Corollary, the role of U.S. intervention was only to fix problems that threatened the U.S., as well as giving an excuse to keep foreign powers out of Latin America. But when Wilson's missionary diplomacy came about, it completely changed America's role in foreign intervention. Though part of the diplomacy was concerned with anything hostile to American interests, it was mostly about ridding countries of oppressive governments, and so the U.S. became a protector of the citizens of undemocratic countries (if they wanted the U.S.'s help or not) (pages 568-569).
The policies were similar in the way there were applied: with the help of military/police power, and with a similar takeover of the offending government. Na example of the Roosevelt Corollary in use was when the U.S. intervened in a 1911 rebellion in Nicaragua. The country was near bankruptcy, and so American banks loaned money to Nicaragua so it could pay its debts. American bankers then collected the Nicaraguan customs duties, as well as control of Nicaragua's railroad system and national bank. When Nicaraguans hear do this and revolted against the government, about 2,000 marines were sent to Nicaragua, and some troops stayed until 1933. AN example of Wilson's missionary diplomacy in action was the intervention in Mexico at the time of the Mexican revolution. Wilson refused to recognise the new government because it came about violently. At the first excuse they were given, the U.S. invaded Mexico and occupied Veracruz, killing 200 Mexicans (pages 568-569).
4) In your opinion, should the United States have become involved in the affairs of Columbia, Nicaragua, and Mexico during the early 1900s?
Think about:
-the effect of Roosevelt's Corollary
-the results of dollar diplomacy
-the implication of Wilson's missionary diplomacy
i think that America should have stayed out of the business of the foreign countries. It nearly caused a war between Mexico and the U.S., caused us to have marines staying in Nicaragua for more than 20 years, made us constantly at odds with European powers trying to get into Latin America. Finally, the implications of Wilson's missionary diplomacy meant that every time there was a country with an undemocratic government, we have to go and rescue them, risking war and many fatalities. As seen in the Nicaraguan rebellion in 1911, the U.S. had to loan money to the banks, and when it tried to collect the money owed, it sparked another revolution. As a result, the U.S. had to send 2,000 marines to go keep the peace in this foreign country that isn't really our responsibility to be taking care of, and some U.S. men had to stay for more than 20 years. The dollar diplomacy meant that we would be constantly at odds with any European power that tried to do anything in Latin America, and it divided the country. Wilson's missionary diplomacy almost caused a war when we had to follow through with it. The biggest problem was not the war that almost happened, though, but the promise it made for as long as the U.S. should exist, that every time a country is in trouble (specifically from its oppressive or undemocratic leaders) we have to be the heroes and go off and save them. this is a lot of trouble to go to for a country that isn't ours, and it has the potential to cause a war. The U.S. was better off staying out of the business of foreign countries.
Tuesday, October 23, 2007
Monday, October 22, 2007
Chapter 18 Section 3 Crtical Thinking # 3 & 4
3) How did American rule of Puerto Rico harm Puerto Ricans? How did it help Puerto Ricans? Do you think the benefits outweighed the harmful effects? Why or why not?
The Puerto Ricans suffered under American rule because they were oppressed. Under the Foraker Act, military rule was traded for a civil government, but the Puerto Ricans could only elect the members of the lower house of the legislature. The U.S. president had the right to chose the governor and members of the upper house of the government. In 1901, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not apply automatically to citizens of acquired territories. However, the benefits outweighed the harmful effects. The Supreme Court granted Puerto Ricans citizenship in 1917, and gave them the right to elect members of both houses of their legislature. Although many Puerto Ricans wanted independence, they still received help from the U.S. When Puerto Rico was under military control, it was, as General Nelson A. Miles said, to "bring you protection, not only to yourselves but to your property, to promote prosperity, and to bestow upon you the immunities and blessings of the liberal institutions of our government" (p. 559). For the most part, Puerto Ricans were protected by the U.S., and were much better off than they were under the rule of Spain.
4) How was U.S. policy toward China different from the U.S. policy toward the Phillipines? To what can you attribute the difference?
The U.S. policy toward China war different from the Philippines in how they dealt with rebellion. The U.S. shared China with other imperialist countries, and China did not actually belong to the U.S. as the Philippines did, so they dealt with them differently. When the Filipinos rebelled against America, Americans put them in barbed-wire concentration camps where thousands died as a result of disease, starvation and bad sanitation. When the Chinese rebelled in the Boxer Rebellion, the U.S. and the other countries with claims in China sent soldiers, who killed thousands in 2 months, crushing the rebellion. The Philippine-American War, however took nearly 3 years.
The Puerto Ricans suffered under American rule because they were oppressed. Under the Foraker Act, military rule was traded for a civil government, but the Puerto Ricans could only elect the members of the lower house of the legislature. The U.S. president had the right to chose the governor and members of the upper house of the government. In 1901, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not apply automatically to citizens of acquired territories. However, the benefits outweighed the harmful effects. The Supreme Court granted Puerto Ricans citizenship in 1917, and gave them the right to elect members of both houses of their legislature. Although many Puerto Ricans wanted independence, they still received help from the U.S. When Puerto Rico was under military control, it was, as General Nelson A. Miles said, to "bring you protection, not only to yourselves but to your property, to promote prosperity, and to bestow upon you the immunities and blessings of the liberal institutions of our government" (p. 559). For the most part, Puerto Ricans were protected by the U.S., and were much better off than they were under the rule of Spain.
4) How was U.S. policy toward China different from the U.S. policy toward the Phillipines? To what can you attribute the difference?
The U.S. policy toward China war different from the Philippines in how they dealt with rebellion. The U.S. shared China with other imperialist countries, and China did not actually belong to the U.S. as the Philippines did, so they dealt with them differently. When the Filipinos rebelled against America, Americans put them in barbed-wire concentration camps where thousands died as a result of disease, starvation and bad sanitation. When the Chinese rebelled in the Boxer Rebellion, the U.S. and the other countries with claims in China sent soldiers, who killed thousands in 2 months, crushing the rebellion. The Philippine-American War, however took nearly 3 years.
Chapter 18 Section 3 Guided Reading
1) What was its relationship to the U.S.?
a. Puerto Rico: Very similar to a colony or a protectorate
b. Cuba: American military provided food and clothing for thousands of families, helped put lands back into cultivation, and organized elementary schools, and helped to eliminate yellow fever. It was an American protectorate
c. The Philippines: The U.S., in response to rebellion from Filipinos who thought that they were to be free, assumed the same role that Spain had played and the U.S. had condemned it for. After a war was fought, it became a protectorate.
d. China: China remained free, but had many parts of it claimed and used by otter countries
The U.S. had a large amount of influence in China.
Why did the U.S. try to control its affairs?
a. Puerto Rico was strategically important to the U.S., for maintaining a U.S. presence in the Caribbean and for protecting the future of the Panama Canal
b. To protect American business that had invested in in the island's sugar, tobacco, and mining industries, as well as in its railroads and public utilities.
c. To provide the U.S. with raw materials and new markets.
d. America didn't want China to be carved into colonies and American traders to be shut out of the business opportunities. They wanted to keep the market open.
What laws and policies affected its relationship with the U.S.?
a. The Foraker Act
b. The Platt Amendment to their constitution
c. The Treaty of Paris
d. The Open Door Notes
What violent events ended its relationship with the U.S.?
a. The Spanish-American War.
b. The United States refused to withdraw its troops from Cuba until it agreed to the Platt Amendment to its constitution. Protesters called for a return to arms in order to reclaim their country from the U.S., but nothing occurred.
c. The Filipinos rose in a revolt after discovering that they would not be given independence by the U.S.. Guerrilla tactics were used, and the U.S. forced Filipinos to live in filthy designated zones where death was caused by poor sanitation, disease and starvation. The U.S. spent 3 years trying to control to Philippines, and 20,000 rebels died fighting.
d. The Boxer Rebellion, in which Chinese martial arts fighters trying to reclaim China killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners, and when the rebellion was controlled 2 months later, thousands of Chinese had died fighting.
John Haye's Open Door Notes paved the way for greater U.S. influence in Asia. Note 3 beliefs held by Americans that were reflected by the Open Door policy:
1. Growth of the U.S. economy depended on exports.
2. The U.S. had the right to intervene abraod to keep foreign markets open.
3. The closing of an area to American products, citizens or ideas threatened U.S. survival.
a. Puerto Rico: Very similar to a colony or a protectorate
b. Cuba: American military provided food and clothing for thousands of families, helped put lands back into cultivation, and organized elementary schools, and helped to eliminate yellow fever. It was an American protectorate
c. The Philippines: The U.S., in response to rebellion from Filipinos who thought that they were to be free, assumed the same role that Spain had played and the U.S. had condemned it for. After a war was fought, it became a protectorate.
d. China: China remained free, but had many parts of it claimed and used by otter countries
The U.S. had a large amount of influence in China.
Why did the U.S. try to control its affairs?
a. Puerto Rico was strategically important to the U.S., for maintaining a U.S. presence in the Caribbean and for protecting the future of the Panama Canal
b. To protect American business that had invested in in the island's sugar, tobacco, and mining industries, as well as in its railroads and public utilities.
c. To provide the U.S. with raw materials and new markets.
d. America didn't want China to be carved into colonies and American traders to be shut out of the business opportunities. They wanted to keep the market open.
What laws and policies affected its relationship with the U.S.?
a. The Foraker Act
b. The Platt Amendment to their constitution
c. The Treaty of Paris
d. The Open Door Notes
What violent events ended its relationship with the U.S.?
a. The Spanish-American War.
b. The United States refused to withdraw its troops from Cuba until it agreed to the Platt Amendment to its constitution. Protesters called for a return to arms in order to reclaim their country from the U.S., but nothing occurred.
c. The Filipinos rose in a revolt after discovering that they would not be given independence by the U.S.. Guerrilla tactics were used, and the U.S. forced Filipinos to live in filthy designated zones where death was caused by poor sanitation, disease and starvation. The U.S. spent 3 years trying to control to Philippines, and 20,000 rebels died fighting.
d. The Boxer Rebellion, in which Chinese martial arts fighters trying to reclaim China killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners, and when the rebellion was controlled 2 months later, thousands of Chinese had died fighting.
John Haye's Open Door Notes paved the way for greater U.S. influence in Asia. Note 3 beliefs held by Americans that were reflected by the Open Door policy:
1. Growth of the U.S. economy depended on exports.
2. The U.S. had the right to intervene abraod to keep foreign markets open.
3. The closing of an area to American products, citizens or ideas threatened U.S. survival.
Chapter 18 Section 2 Critical Thinking #3
3) What do you think were the unstated editorial policies of yellow journalism?
- James Creelman's account of Spanish atrocities against Cubans (p. 552)
-Hearst's remark to Remington
-The Journal headline about the explosion of the battleship Maine
I think that the unstated editorial policies of yellow journalism were to over exaggerate and fabricate stories in order to make propaganda that would spawn American sympathy for the Cubans and provoke a response from Americans.
The accounts of the terrible cruelty of General Valeriano Weyler and other Spanish atrocities were greatly fabricated, in order to get a response from the Americans. Although Weyler did do cruel things (such as imprisoning 300,000 Cubans in barbed-wire concentration camps where thousands died), the journalists wrote stories about poisoned wells and how children would be thrown to the sharks that were completely false, and designed to enrage Americans so much that they would be inspired to take action (p. 553). It was pure propaganda, and its purpose was to infuriate its readers.
William Rudolph Hearst , a newspaper tycoon in charge of the New York Journal made a remark to Frederic Remington to draw pictures to go with reporter's stories, that was very revealing about the nature of yellow journalism: When Remington told Hearst that he didn't believe that war between Spain and the U.S. was going to happen, he said "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war" (p. 533). This comment showed his desire to provoke a response from the public and implied that some of the stories may have been "furnished", or changed to make them more effective.
When the battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, the headline of the New York Journal was "The warship Maine was split in two by an enemy's secret infernal machine." Nobody knoew why the ship exploded, at the time, but newspapers, eager for war, immiediately blamed Spain, saying that they were responsible for the death of over 260 men. The Spanish are even labeled as "the enemy" in the headline. In addition to this, Hearst's paper offered a $50,000 dollar reward for the person who captured the Spaniards responsible (p. 554). The newspapers had simply lied about the events in order to start a war. All of the evidence together shows that yellow journalism's policy was that anything that gets a reaction goes into the paper. Any event could be changed completely in a way that would spark retaliation.
- James Creelman's account of Spanish atrocities against Cubans (p. 552)
-Hearst's remark to Remington
-The Journal headline about the explosion of the battleship Maine
I think that the unstated editorial policies of yellow journalism were to over exaggerate and fabricate stories in order to make propaganda that would spawn American sympathy for the Cubans and provoke a response from Americans.
The accounts of the terrible cruelty of General Valeriano Weyler and other Spanish atrocities were greatly fabricated, in order to get a response from the Americans. Although Weyler did do cruel things (such as imprisoning 300,000 Cubans in barbed-wire concentration camps where thousands died), the journalists wrote stories about poisoned wells and how children would be thrown to the sharks that were completely false, and designed to enrage Americans so much that they would be inspired to take action (p. 553). It was pure propaganda, and its purpose was to infuriate its readers.
William Rudolph Hearst , a newspaper tycoon in charge of the New York Journal made a remark to Frederic Remington to draw pictures to go with reporter's stories, that was very revealing about the nature of yellow journalism: When Remington told Hearst that he didn't believe that war between Spain and the U.S. was going to happen, he said "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war" (p. 533). This comment showed his desire to provoke a response from the public and implied that some of the stories may have been "furnished", or changed to make them more effective.
When the battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, the headline of the New York Journal was "The warship Maine was split in two by an enemy's secret infernal machine." Nobody knoew why the ship exploded, at the time, but newspapers, eager for war, immiediately blamed Spain, saying that they were responsible for the death of over 260 men. The Spanish are even labeled as "the enemy" in the headline. In addition to this, Hearst's paper offered a $50,000 dollar reward for the person who captured the Spaniards responsible (p. 554). The newspapers had simply lied about the events in order to start a war. All of the evidence together shows that yellow journalism's policy was that anything that gets a reaction goes into the paper. Any event could be changed completely in a way that would spark retaliation.
Chapter 18 Section 2 Guided Reading
Causes: How did each of these contribute to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?
1) American business owners-
2) Jose Marti- A Cuban poet and journalist living in New York who started a revolution 1895. He used an active guerrilla campaign and deliberately destroyed properties, primarily of American sugar mills and plantations, organizing Cubans against Spain, in order to provoke American intervention.
3) Valeriano Weyler- Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler to restore order in Cuba. He attempted to stop the rebellion by forcing the whole rural population into concentration camps, where thousand of Cubans died and a total of 300,000 resided. Civilians could not give help to rebels when they were in these camps.
4) Yellow journalism- Yellow journalism is a method of propaganda, which was used by the newspaper tycoons who headed the New York World and the New York Journal. It wildly exaggerated accounts of Weyler's cruelty, with stories of poisoned wells and children thrown to sharks. This lured and enraged readers, as it was supposed to do, and increased American sympathy for the Cuban cause.
5) De Lome letter- The New York Journal printed a letter written by the Spanish minister to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy de Lome. In the letter, he attacked president McKinley, who had been attempting to resolve the conflict with Spain peacefully, seeking to avoid war. He had succeeded in getting Spain to recall Weyler and give Cuba limited self-government. However, in the letter, he called McKinley "weak" and "a bidder for the admiration of the crowd". The Spanish government apologised and the minister stepped down, but Americans were insulted.
6) U.S.S. Maine- Just a few days after the scandal of the de Lome letter, American resentment towards Spain was deepening, and became outrage. The U.S.S. Maine had been sent to Cuba in order to bring American citizens home who were in danger from fighting and to protect American property. The ship blew up in the harbor of Havana, and more 260 men were killed. American newspapers claimed the the Spanish had blown up the ship, which further contributed the the outrage felt by Americans.
Effects: What happened to each of these territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7) Cuba: The Rough Riders, a voluntary cavalry with the assistance of American troops, won the battle of San Juan Hill, which was strategically important. 2 days later, the Spanish fleet attempted to escape, and a naval battle ensued. The Spanish fleet was destroyed, and in the treaty of Paris, it was freed and given to the U.S.
8) Puerto Rico: Was given to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris.
9)Guam: Was given to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris.
10) Philippine Islands: The Philippine Islands were the first places the Americans went in the war. Commodore George Dewey gave the command to open fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila, the capital of the Philippines, and within hours the U.S. had destroyed every Spanish ship there. As a result of the victory, U.S. troops were able to land in the Philippines, and just months later, Spanish troops in Manila surrendered to the U.S. Were sold to the U.S. for $20 million in the Treaty of Paris.
1) American business owners-
2) Jose Marti- A Cuban poet and journalist living in New York who started a revolution 1895. He used an active guerrilla campaign and deliberately destroyed properties, primarily of American sugar mills and plantations, organizing Cubans against Spain, in order to provoke American intervention.
3) Valeriano Weyler- Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler to restore order in Cuba. He attempted to stop the rebellion by forcing the whole rural population into concentration camps, where thousand of Cubans died and a total of 300,000 resided. Civilians could not give help to rebels when they were in these camps.
4) Yellow journalism- Yellow journalism is a method of propaganda, which was used by the newspaper tycoons who headed the New York World and the New York Journal. It wildly exaggerated accounts of Weyler's cruelty, with stories of poisoned wells and children thrown to sharks. This lured and enraged readers, as it was supposed to do, and increased American sympathy for the Cuban cause.
5) De Lome letter- The New York Journal printed a letter written by the Spanish minister to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy de Lome. In the letter, he attacked president McKinley, who had been attempting to resolve the conflict with Spain peacefully, seeking to avoid war. He had succeeded in getting Spain to recall Weyler and give Cuba limited self-government. However, in the letter, he called McKinley "weak" and "a bidder for the admiration of the crowd". The Spanish government apologised and the minister stepped down, but Americans were insulted.
6) U.S.S. Maine- Just a few days after the scandal of the de Lome letter, American resentment towards Spain was deepening, and became outrage. The U.S.S. Maine had been sent to Cuba in order to bring American citizens home who were in danger from fighting and to protect American property. The ship blew up in the harbor of Havana, and more 260 men were killed. American newspapers claimed the the Spanish had blown up the ship, which further contributed the the outrage felt by Americans.
Effects: What happened to each of these territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7) Cuba: The Rough Riders, a voluntary cavalry with the assistance of American troops, won the battle of San Juan Hill, which was strategically important. 2 days later, the Spanish fleet attempted to escape, and a naval battle ensued. The Spanish fleet was destroyed, and in the treaty of Paris, it was freed and given to the U.S.
8) Puerto Rico: Was given to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris.
9)Guam: Was given to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris.
10) Philippine Islands: The Philippine Islands were the first places the Americans went in the war. Commodore George Dewey gave the command to open fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila, the capital of the Philippines, and within hours the U.S. had destroyed every Spanish ship there. As a result of the victory, U.S. troops were able to land in the Philippines, and just months later, Spanish troops in Manila surrendered to the U.S. Were sold to the U.S. for $20 million in the Treaty of Paris.
Chapter 18 Section 1 Critical Thinking # 3 &5
3) Manifest destiny geatly infuenced American policy during the first half of the 19th century. How do you think manifest destiny set the stage for American imperialism at the end of the century?
Manifest destiny was something very influential in the settling of the U.S., and very ingrained into the American culture in the 19th century. One of the 3 reasons for American imperialism starting was the belief in cultural superiority, which is what Manifest Destiny is all about. Manifest Destiny is the belief that God wanted the white man to move West and "civilize" the land (according the white man's ideas of what "civil zed" was). And so Americans, believing that they had God's blessing, went merrily forth in their Christian duty to destroy the culture of everyone else in the United States. By the time that imperialism started becoming an issue, all of North America had been settled and there was no more land left to civilize, but why should they stop at the United States when there was the rest of the world to bring to the feet of God? In the late 19th century, the people of the United States argued that they were responsible for spreading their idea of civilization and Christianity to the 'inferior peoples" of the world. Manifest Destiny set a precedent that was followed in the time of imperialism in the United States.
5)
In the following passage, how does Indiana Sentor Albert J. Beveridge explain the need for the U.S. to acquire new territories?
"Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours...We will establish trading posts throughout the world as distributing points for American products...Great colonies governing themselves, flying our flag and trading with us, will grow about our posts of trade."
Beveridge explains the need for the U.S. to acquire new territories by saying that they are necessary for the trade and distribution of American products. One of the reasons for the start of American imperialism was the need for new markets, and it seems as if he was using this belief for his argument. Imperialists thought that foreign trade would remedy the problem of American over-production and the problems that came with it, such as economic depression and unemployment. The U.S. needed new markets for its surplus manufactured and agricultural goods. Beveridge explains the need for new territories by saying that having trading posts would cause wealthy colonies to spring up in the area, and American products would be sold around the world.
Manifest destiny was something very influential in the settling of the U.S., and very ingrained into the American culture in the 19th century. One of the 3 reasons for American imperialism starting was the belief in cultural superiority, which is what Manifest Destiny is all about. Manifest Destiny is the belief that God wanted the white man to move West and "civilize" the land (according the white man's ideas of what "civil zed" was). And so Americans, believing that they had God's blessing, went merrily forth in their Christian duty to destroy the culture of everyone else in the United States. By the time that imperialism started becoming an issue, all of North America had been settled and there was no more land left to civilize, but why should they stop at the United States when there was the rest of the world to bring to the feet of God? In the late 19th century, the people of the United States argued that they were responsible for spreading their idea of civilization and Christianity to the 'inferior peoples" of the world. Manifest Destiny set a precedent that was followed in the time of imperialism in the United States.
5)
In the following passage, how does Indiana Sentor Albert J. Beveridge explain the need for the U.S. to acquire new territories?
"Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours...We will establish trading posts throughout the world as distributing points for American products...Great colonies governing themselves, flying our flag and trading with us, will grow about our posts of trade."
Beveridge explains the need for the U.S. to acquire new territories by saying that they are necessary for the trade and distribution of American products. One of the reasons for the start of American imperialism was the need for new markets, and it seems as if he was using this belief for his argument. Imperialists thought that foreign trade would remedy the problem of American over-production and the problems that came with it, such as economic depression and unemployment. The U.S. needed new markets for its surplus manufactured and agricultural goods. Beveridge explains the need for new territories by saying that having trading posts would cause wealthy colonies to spring up in the area, and American products would be sold around the world.
Chapter 18 Section 1 Re-Teaching Activity
1) What is the policy of imperialism?
The policy of imperialism is that stronger nations take control of weaker nations by exerting their political, economic or military strength.
2) What 3 factors fueled the emergence of American imperialism?
The three factors that fueled the emergence of American imperialism were the desire for military strength, the thirst for new markets and a belief in cultural superiority. Americans were already believers in Manifest Destiny, and having conquered all of the U.S., sought to control other countries.
3) Why did many business leaders argue that imperialism was good for the economy?
Many business leaders argued that imperialism was good for the economy because advances in technology made a surplus of goods and food that could not be consumed by U.S. citizens alone. Imperialists saw foreign trade as a way to fix the problem with over-production and the consequent problems such as unemployment and the economic depression.
4) In what way did Alaska turn out to be a good deal for America?
Although many were against the idea of buying Alaska from Russia as William Seward urged (those who opposed called it "Seward's Icebox"), he managed to persuade the House of Representatives to buy it from Russia for $7.2 million. But in 1959, when Alaska became a state, it proved to be rich in natural resources such as timber, minerals and oil, for 2 cents and acre.
5) How did the country respond to the urgings of Alfred T. Mahan and other proponents of bolstering the country's naval forces?
Alfred T. Mahan was an admiral of the U.S. navy. When Americans saw that other countries were building up a "global military presence" (p. 549), leaders told the U.S. that it should start establishing its military strength. At the urging of Mahan, who encouraged the U.S. to build up its naval power, the U.S. built 9 steel-hulled battleships between 1883 and 1890. This turned the U.S. into the third largest naval power in the world.
6) What group became most powerful in Hawaii? Why did they favor U.S. annexation?
The group that became most powerful in Hawaii was the American planters. They favored U.S. annexation because the McKinley Tariff of 1890 "eliminated the duty free status of Hawaiian sugar" (p. 550). In 1875, the U.S. agreed to import Hawaiian sugar without duties, and Hawaiian sugar production increased nine times. The Tariff threatened the livelihood of the planters, and so they wanted to annex Hawaii so they wouldn't have to pay the duty.
The policy of imperialism is that stronger nations take control of weaker nations by exerting their political, economic or military strength.
2) What 3 factors fueled the emergence of American imperialism?
The three factors that fueled the emergence of American imperialism were the desire for military strength, the thirst for new markets and a belief in cultural superiority. Americans were already believers in Manifest Destiny, and having conquered all of the U.S., sought to control other countries.
3) Why did many business leaders argue that imperialism was good for the economy?
Many business leaders argued that imperialism was good for the economy because advances in technology made a surplus of goods and food that could not be consumed by U.S. citizens alone. Imperialists saw foreign trade as a way to fix the problem with over-production and the consequent problems such as unemployment and the economic depression.
4) In what way did Alaska turn out to be a good deal for America?
Although many were against the idea of buying Alaska from Russia as William Seward urged (those who opposed called it "Seward's Icebox"), he managed to persuade the House of Representatives to buy it from Russia for $7.2 million. But in 1959, when Alaska became a state, it proved to be rich in natural resources such as timber, minerals and oil, for 2 cents and acre.
5) How did the country respond to the urgings of Alfred T. Mahan and other proponents of bolstering the country's naval forces?
Alfred T. Mahan was an admiral of the U.S. navy. When Americans saw that other countries were building up a "global military presence" (p. 549), leaders told the U.S. that it should start establishing its military strength. At the urging of Mahan, who encouraged the U.S. to build up its naval power, the U.S. built 9 steel-hulled battleships between 1883 and 1890. This turned the U.S. into the third largest naval power in the world.
6) What group became most powerful in Hawaii? Why did they favor U.S. annexation?
The group that became most powerful in Hawaii was the American planters. They favored U.S. annexation because the McKinley Tariff of 1890 "eliminated the duty free status of Hawaiian sugar" (p. 550). In 1875, the U.S. agreed to import Hawaiian sugar without duties, and Hawaiian sugar production increased nine times. The Tariff threatened the livelihood of the planters, and so they wanted to annex Hawaii so they wouldn't have to pay the duty.
Sunday, October 21, 2007
Current Events Summary #3
There has been a mixture of good and bad news coming from the Middle East cncerning foreign relations in the past few weeks. As a resolution to an earlier news story, Israel has admitted to carrying out a strike on a Syrian military intallation in September. At the time of the attack, Syria had suspected Israel and accused the country of being responsible for the attack, but Israeli government officials kept quiet, and the military censor disallowed anyone to reveal any information concerning the attack. President Bashir- al Assad said that the strike showed Israel's "visceral antipathy towards peace", and that Syria reserved the right to strike back, although he did not say how; "Retaliate doesn't mean missile for missile and bomb for bomb. We have our means to retaliate, maybe politically, maybe in other ways. But we have the right to retaliate,", said Assad. It is still unknown why Israel attacked Syria and what was attacked (BBC News).
On a happier note, it has been announced that Turkey and Iraq were going to help fight terrorism by "signing a counter-terrorism pact aimed at cracking down on separatist Kurdish rebels who have been attacking Turkey from bases in Iraq" (CNN.com). It was signed by the Interior Ministers of Iraq and Turkey, but it does not satisfy all of Turkey's wishes; it was demanded that Iraq would send troops after Kurdish rebels who are escaping across the border to northern Iraq. "It was not possible to reach a deal on chasing Kurdish rebels, however, we hope this issue will be solved in the future," Besir Atalay, the Interior Minister of Turkey said. "We are expecting this cooperation against terrorism to be broadened as much as possible."
However, later in the month, Turkey was seeking parliamentary approval for a potential cross border strike against Kurdish separatists in Iraq. The Prime Minister has been under pressure to do this from the citizens of Trukey after 15 soldiers were killed by the separatists in a matter of days. The U.S. has warned Turkey that this course of action is not advisable; people in Baghdad and Washington fear that an attack could destabilize northern Iraq (BBC News).
With more unfortunate news concerning Turkey, the country has recently recalled its embassador to the U.S. over a conflict over "congressional efforts to label the World War I era killings of Amenians by Ottoman Turkish forces 'genocide'" (CNN.com). Turkey says that while Amenians were killed, it was not genocide but a "massacre in choatic times". The U.S. was also warned that if the U.S. House Committee of Affairs passed the movement to label the killings genocide, repercussions "won't be pleasant". "If they wanted to bring their ambassador back for consultations or do something else, that is their decision. I certainly think that it will not do anything to limit our efforts to continue to reach out to Turkish officials, to explain our views, to engage them on this issue and again to make clear that we intend to work on this with Congress", said Tom Casey, a State Department spokesman. However, not everyone in the U.S. is concerned over this turn of events; "The Turkish government will not act against the United States because that would be against their own interests,"House Foreign Affairs Chairman Tom Lantos told CNN. "I'm convinced of this". Many people, for many reasons, however, beleive that the U.S. should play it safe on this issue, since we depend on Turkey for so much involving the war in Iraq.
On a happier note, it has been announced that Turkey and Iraq were going to help fight terrorism by "signing a counter-terrorism pact aimed at cracking down on separatist Kurdish rebels who have been attacking Turkey from bases in Iraq" (CNN.com). It was signed by the Interior Ministers of Iraq and Turkey, but it does not satisfy all of Turkey's wishes; it was demanded that Iraq would send troops after Kurdish rebels who are escaping across the border to northern Iraq. "It was not possible to reach a deal on chasing Kurdish rebels, however, we hope this issue will be solved in the future," Besir Atalay, the Interior Minister of Turkey said. "We are expecting this cooperation against terrorism to be broadened as much as possible."
However, later in the month, Turkey was seeking parliamentary approval for a potential cross border strike against Kurdish separatists in Iraq. The Prime Minister has been under pressure to do this from the citizens of Trukey after 15 soldiers were killed by the separatists in a matter of days. The U.S. has warned Turkey that this course of action is not advisable; people in Baghdad and Washington fear that an attack could destabilize northern Iraq (BBC News).
With more unfortunate news concerning Turkey, the country has recently recalled its embassador to the U.S. over a conflict over "congressional efforts to label the World War I era killings of Amenians by Ottoman Turkish forces 'genocide'" (CNN.com). Turkey says that while Amenians were killed, it was not genocide but a "massacre in choatic times". The U.S. was also warned that if the U.S. House Committee of Affairs passed the movement to label the killings genocide, repercussions "won't be pleasant". "If they wanted to bring their ambassador back for consultations or do something else, that is their decision. I certainly think that it will not do anything to limit our efforts to continue to reach out to Turkish officials, to explain our views, to engage them on this issue and again to make clear that we intend to work on this with Congress", said Tom Casey, a State Department spokesman. However, not everyone in the U.S. is concerned over this turn of events; "The Turkish government will not act against the United States because that would be against their own interests,"House Foreign Affairs Chairman Tom Lantos told CNN. "I'm convinced of this". Many people, for many reasons, however, beleive that the U.S. should play it safe on this issue, since we depend on Turkey for so much involving the war in Iraq.
Wednesday, October 17, 2007
Current Events Summary #2
There have been many developments in foreign relations within the Middle East, including steps towards war as well as steps toward peace. According to the BBC, there has been conflict between Gaza and Israel: the Israeli government had declared Hamas, the militant group that controls Gaza, an enemy. Israeli government has considered attacking the Gaza fuel and electricity sources, and Hamas has said that any such action would be considered an act of war.
In Israel, there has been an official decision about the fate of the Africans fleeing to the country (most of them are from Darfur and trying to escape genocide). 498 Darfur refugees who entered the country illegally through Egyp will be allowed to stay in Israel, even though their legal status is iffy. Although Egypt had earlier agreed to help keep refugees from entering Israel illegally through their country, the ammount of people trying to enter illegally has declined since Egypt agreed to allow refugees sent back across the border to live there. It was announced, however, that refugees from other parts of Africa would be expelled along with new arrivals.
In Israel, there has been an official decision about the fate of the Africans fleeing to the country (most of them are from Darfur and trying to escape genocide). 498 Darfur refugees who entered the country illegally through Egyp will be allowed to stay in Israel, even though their legal status is iffy. Although Egypt had earlier agreed to help keep refugees from entering Israel illegally through their country, the ammount of people trying to enter illegally has declined since Egypt agreed to allow refugees sent back across the border to live there. It was announced, however, that refugees from other parts of Africa would be expelled along with new arrivals.
Wednesday, October 10, 2007
Chapter 17 Section 2 Guided Reading
Chapter 17 Section 2 Guided Reading
1) What types of jobs were women in each group likely to have?
Lower Class: Lower class women had to work for wages outside of their homes. Better-paying opportunities became available in cities and towns, and women were given new options for finding jobs. About 25% of American women held jobs in manufacturing at the turn of the century, and about half of women industrial workers were working for clothing manufacturers
Middle and upper class: Middle and upper-class women were wealthy enough to spend their time taking care of their families and homes, and did not have to take outside jobs to keep their families from poverty.
African American: Many African American women were driven into being domestic workers by poverty. Many worked on farms and as domestic workers, and worked in cities as cooks, laundresses, scrubwomen and maids
Immigrant: Unmarried immigrants were often domestic laborers. Married immigrants were often caring for boarders at their homes or taking in piecework. Many immigrants were lower-class, and so they would do the jobs mentioned in the first category in addition to these, such as manufacturing, particularly garments.
2) How did educational opportunities for middle and upper-class women change?
In the late 19th century, women who were politically active had attended new women’s colleges, such as Vassar College, which opened in 1865 and had a faculty of 8 men and 22 women. Other women’s colleges such as Smith and Wellesley started in 1875. Columbia, Brown and Harvard all refused to admit women, but all started separate colleges for women.
3) How did these new opportunities affect the lives of middle and upper-class women?
Women were still expected to “fulfill traditional domestic roles”, women’s colleges also tried to give them good educations to be used to their advantages. By the late 19th century, women could become workers or “seek higher educations” rather than marrying, and nearly half of the college educated women of the century did not marry. A great number of women began to use their educations to work on social reform.
4) What three strategies were adopted by the suffragists to win the vote?
a. Convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote.
b. Women pursued court cases to test the14th amendment, which said that any state denying their (male) citizens the right to vote would lose its Congressional representation, arguing that women were citizens as well. Susan B. Anthony and other women attempted to vote 150 times in 10 states, to test this.
c. Suffragists pushed for an amendment to the Constitution that would grant women the right to vote.
5) What results did each strategy produce?
a. Women were granted voting rights in Wyoming in 1869, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho, but after 1896, all of their efforts in other states failed.
b. Congress ruled in 1875 that women were citizens, but then denied that being a citizen automatically gave you the right to vote.
c. Elizabeth Cady Stanton managed to have the amendment introduced in California, but it was later killed. Women were unsuccessful for the next 41 years.
1) What types of jobs were women in each group likely to have?
Lower Class: Lower class women had to work for wages outside of their homes. Better-paying opportunities became available in cities and towns, and women were given new options for finding jobs. About 25% of American women held jobs in manufacturing at the turn of the century, and about half of women industrial workers were working for clothing manufacturers
Middle and upper class: Middle and upper-class women were wealthy enough to spend their time taking care of their families and homes, and did not have to take outside jobs to keep their families from poverty.
African American: Many African American women were driven into being domestic workers by poverty. Many worked on farms and as domestic workers, and worked in cities as cooks, laundresses, scrubwomen and maids
Immigrant: Unmarried immigrants were often domestic laborers. Married immigrants were often caring for boarders at their homes or taking in piecework. Many immigrants were lower-class, and so they would do the jobs mentioned in the first category in addition to these, such as manufacturing, particularly garments.
2) How did educational opportunities for middle and upper-class women change?
In the late 19th century, women who were politically active had attended new women’s colleges, such as Vassar College, which opened in 1865 and had a faculty of 8 men and 22 women. Other women’s colleges such as Smith and Wellesley started in 1875. Columbia, Brown and Harvard all refused to admit women, but all started separate colleges for women.
3) How did these new opportunities affect the lives of middle and upper-class women?
Women were still expected to “fulfill traditional domestic roles”, women’s colleges also tried to give them good educations to be used to their advantages. By the late 19th century, women could become workers or “seek higher educations” rather than marrying, and nearly half of the college educated women of the century did not marry. A great number of women began to use their educations to work on social reform.
4) What three strategies were adopted by the suffragists to win the vote?
a. Convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote.
b. Women pursued court cases to test the14th amendment, which said that any state denying their (male) citizens the right to vote would lose its Congressional representation, arguing that women were citizens as well. Susan B. Anthony and other women attempted to vote 150 times in 10 states, to test this.
c. Suffragists pushed for an amendment to the Constitution that would grant women the right to vote.
5) What results did each strategy produce?
a. Women were granted voting rights in Wyoming in 1869, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho, but after 1896, all of their efforts in other states failed.
b. Congress ruled in 1875 that women were citizens, but then denied that being a citizen automatically gave you the right to vote.
c. Elizabeth Cady Stanton managed to have the amendment introduced in California, but it was later killed. Women were unsuccessful for the next 41 years.
Chapter 17 Section 3 Guided Reading
Chapter 17 Section 3 Guided Reading
Problem:
1) 1902 coal strike
2) Trusts
3) Unregulated big business
4) Dangerous foods and medicines
5) Shrinking wilderness and national resources
6) Racial discrimination
What steps did Roosevelt take to solve each problem?
1) When 140,000 coal miners had been on strike for 5 months and coal reserves were running low, Roosevelt invited both sides to the White House to talk things out. Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines, and so mine operators and strikers agreed to let a third party work out their differences
2) Roosevelt started filing suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. He ordered the Justice Department to sue the Northeastern Securities Company, which had a monopoly over the northwestern railroads. Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits, winning many and breaking up a good number of trusts.
3) Roosevelt urged Congress to pass the Elkins Act, which would made it illegal for railroad officials to give and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads, and specified that railroads could not change rates without notifying the public.
4) Roosevelt appointed a commission of experts to investigate the meatpacking industry, which brought back a report of terrible conditions. Roosevelt encouraged the passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Congress (though it does not say at Roosevelt’s urging) passed the Pure Food and Drug Act, which called for truth in labeling and stopped the sale of contaminated food and medicine.
5) Roosevelt set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites, 80 million acres of land to be explored by experts from the Geological Survey for water and mineral sources, and was persuaded by his friend to set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves. He established over 50 wildlife sanctuaries and some national parks as well.
6) Roosevelt appointed an African American as head of the Charleston, South Carolina customhouse, and when people in Mississippi refused top accept the black postmistress, Roosevelt closed the station rather than give in.
What legislation helped solve the problem?
1) No legislation, except for the arbitration commission helped to solve the problem.
2) Roosevelt used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
3) The Interstate Commerce Act, which made it illegal for rich railroad owners from fixing high prices by dividing business in a certain area, the Elkins Act, which gave more power to the weak Interstate Commerce commission, and the Hepburn Act, which limited the distribution of free passes for railroads, and gave the ICC the power to set maximum rates.
4) The Meat Inspection Act dictated strict cleanliness requirements and established a federal meat inspection program, and the Pure Food and Drug Act called for truth in labeling.
5) The National Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed, giving money to irrigation projects with money from the sale of public lands.
6)
Square deal- Described the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration.
NAACP- The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People aimed for full equality amongst the races, and held civil rights meetings. It was a combination of black and white people.
Upton Sinclair- Author of the influential book The Jungle.f
The Jungle- A book that exposed the disgusting conditions of the meatpacking industry and caused the government to intervene, taking measures to promote more clean meat.
Problem:
1) 1902 coal strike
2) Trusts
3) Unregulated big business
4) Dangerous foods and medicines
5) Shrinking wilderness and national resources
6) Racial discrimination
What steps did Roosevelt take to solve each problem?
1) When 140,000 coal miners had been on strike for 5 months and coal reserves were running low, Roosevelt invited both sides to the White House to talk things out. Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines, and so mine operators and strikers agreed to let a third party work out their differences
2) Roosevelt started filing suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. He ordered the Justice Department to sue the Northeastern Securities Company, which had a monopoly over the northwestern railroads. Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits, winning many and breaking up a good number of trusts.
3) Roosevelt urged Congress to pass the Elkins Act, which would made it illegal for railroad officials to give and shippers to receive rebates for using particular railroads, and specified that railroads could not change rates without notifying the public.
4) Roosevelt appointed a commission of experts to investigate the meatpacking industry, which brought back a report of terrible conditions. Roosevelt encouraged the passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Congress (though it does not say at Roosevelt’s urging) passed the Pure Food and Drug Act, which called for truth in labeling and stopped the sale of contaminated food and medicine.
5) Roosevelt set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites, 80 million acres of land to be explored by experts from the Geological Survey for water and mineral sources, and was persuaded by his friend to set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves. He established over 50 wildlife sanctuaries and some national parks as well.
6) Roosevelt appointed an African American as head of the Charleston, South Carolina customhouse, and when people in Mississippi refused top accept the black postmistress, Roosevelt closed the station rather than give in.
What legislation helped solve the problem?
1) No legislation, except for the arbitration commission helped to solve the problem.
2) Roosevelt used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
3) The Interstate Commerce Act, which made it illegal for rich railroad owners from fixing high prices by dividing business in a certain area, the Elkins Act, which gave more power to the weak Interstate Commerce commission, and the Hepburn Act, which limited the distribution of free passes for railroads, and gave the ICC the power to set maximum rates.
4) The Meat Inspection Act dictated strict cleanliness requirements and established a federal meat inspection program, and the Pure Food and Drug Act called for truth in labeling.
5) The National Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed, giving money to irrigation projects with money from the sale of public lands.
6)
Square deal- Described the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration.
NAACP- The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People aimed for full equality amongst the races, and held civil rights meetings. It was a combination of black and white people.
Upton Sinclair- Author of the influential book The Jungle.f
The Jungle- A book that exposed the disgusting conditions of the meatpacking industry and caused the government to intervene, taking measures to promote more clean meat.
Chapter 17 Section 5 Guided Reading
A) What were the aims of each piece of legislation or constitutional amendment?
1. Federal Trade Act- Set up the Federal Trade Commission, which was given the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes, to require periodic reports from corporations and put an end to unfair business practices.
2. Clayton Antitrust Act- This was passed in order to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act. It aimed to prohibit corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing this would create a monopoly, and if a company violated this law, its officers could be prosecuted. It also specified that unions and farm organizations were not included in the act.
3. Underwood Tariff- Or Underwood Act, which substantially reduced tariff rates for the first time since the Civil War
4. Sixteenth Amendment- Legalized the graduated income tax, in which people with higher incomes were taxed more highly than poorer people.
5. Federal Reserve Act- Basically the government loans money to the banks, who loan it to the people.
6. Which three new developments finally brought the success of the women suffrage movement within reach?
The three new developments that brought the success of suffragists within reach were the increased activism of local groups, the use of bold new strategies for the movement, and the rebirth of national movement under Carrie Chapman Catt. Two Massachusetts suffragist groups were formed by college educated women: the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government and the College Equal Suffrage League. They used door to door campaigns to reach potential supporters. The Boston group spread the word to poor and working-class women. American women used the approaches of suffragists from Britain in their own campaigns. Carrie Chapman Catt took over the leadership of the NAWSA after Susan B. Anthony, and she concentrated on 5 tactics: 1) tedious organization, 2) close ties between local, state and national workers, 3) establishing a wide base of support, 4) cautious lobbying, and 5), gracious, ladylike behavior. The Congressional Union was a more radical organization and the National Women’s Party followed it, and they pressured the govt. for an amendment to the Constitution. The 19th Amendment was passed in 1919, giving women the right to vote.
7. How did Wilson retreat on civil rights?
During his campaign in 1912, he won the support of the white liberals and black intellectuals of the NAACP by promising to treat blacks equally and address lynching. However, once he was in office, he opposed a federal anti lynching legislation saying that it was up to the states to decide upon the issue. And the Capitol and federal law offices in Washington, D.C., which had been desegregated, went back to being segregated after he was elected. His cabinet members were white Southerners who did nothing to help the cause of Civil Rights, and when one of his cabinet members suggested doing away with common drinking fountains and towels, Wilson agreed, because in his mind that was just.
1. Federal Trade Act- Set up the Federal Trade Commission, which was given the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes, to require periodic reports from corporations and put an end to unfair business practices.
2. Clayton Antitrust Act- This was passed in order to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act. It aimed to prohibit corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing this would create a monopoly, and if a company violated this law, its officers could be prosecuted. It also specified that unions and farm organizations were not included in the act.
3. Underwood Tariff- Or Underwood Act, which substantially reduced tariff rates for the first time since the Civil War
4. Sixteenth Amendment- Legalized the graduated income tax, in which people with higher incomes were taxed more highly than poorer people.
5. Federal Reserve Act- Basically the government loans money to the banks, who loan it to the people.
6. Which three new developments finally brought the success of the women suffrage movement within reach?
The three new developments that brought the success of suffragists within reach were the increased activism of local groups, the use of bold new strategies for the movement, and the rebirth of national movement under Carrie Chapman Catt. Two Massachusetts suffragist groups were formed by college educated women: the Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government and the College Equal Suffrage League. They used door to door campaigns to reach potential supporters. The Boston group spread the word to poor and working-class women. American women used the approaches of suffragists from Britain in their own campaigns. Carrie Chapman Catt took over the leadership of the NAWSA after Susan B. Anthony, and she concentrated on 5 tactics: 1) tedious organization, 2) close ties between local, state and national workers, 3) establishing a wide base of support, 4) cautious lobbying, and 5), gracious, ladylike behavior. The Congressional Union was a more radical organization and the National Women’s Party followed it, and they pressured the govt. for an amendment to the Constitution. The 19th Amendment was passed in 1919, giving women the right to vote.
7. How did Wilson retreat on civil rights?
During his campaign in 1912, he won the support of the white liberals and black intellectuals of the NAACP by promising to treat blacks equally and address lynching. However, once he was in office, he opposed a federal anti lynching legislation saying that it was up to the states to decide upon the issue. And the Capitol and federal law offices in Washington, D.C., which had been desegregated, went back to being segregated after he was elected. His cabinet members were white Southerners who did nothing to help the cause of Civil Rights, and when one of his cabinet members suggested doing away with common drinking fountains and towels, Wilson agreed, because in his mind that was just.
Chapter 17 Section 3 critical Thinking #5
Chapter 17 Section 3 Critical Thinking #5
5) Why did W.E.B. Du Bois oppose Booker T. Washington’s views on racial discrimination?
W.E.B. Du Bois disagreed with Booker T. Washington’s views on racial discrimination because Washington believed that segregation was permissible and that the poverty of the black people was the fault of the black people, and telling them to “accept discrimination” (p. 531). Du Bois wanted immediate social and economic equality for African Americans. What Du Bois wrote of on his opposition to Washington was this:
“So far Mr. Washington preaches Thrift, Patience, and Industrial Training for the masses, we must hold up his hands and strive with him…But so far as Mr. Washington apologizes for injustice, North or South, does not rightly value the privilege and duty of voting, belittles the emasculating effects of caste distinctions, and opposes the higher training and ambition of our brighter minds—so far as he, the South, or the Nation, does this—we must unceasingly and firmly oppose them.” –W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of the Black People (p. 531).
Understandably, Du Bois believed that it wasn’t excusable for discrimination and segregation to exist. While Washington seemed to be content with what the people had, Du Bois wanted something better for his race, and pushed for racial equality, which was not an important issue during the Progressive Era.
5) Why did W.E.B. Du Bois oppose Booker T. Washington’s views on racial discrimination?
W.E.B. Du Bois disagreed with Booker T. Washington’s views on racial discrimination because Washington believed that segregation was permissible and that the poverty of the black people was the fault of the black people, and telling them to “accept discrimination” (p. 531). Du Bois wanted immediate social and economic equality for African Americans. What Du Bois wrote of on his opposition to Washington was this:
“So far Mr. Washington preaches Thrift, Patience, and Industrial Training for the masses, we must hold up his hands and strive with him…But so far as Mr. Washington apologizes for injustice, North or South, does not rightly value the privilege and duty of voting, belittles the emasculating effects of caste distinctions, and opposes the higher training and ambition of our brighter minds—so far as he, the South, or the Nation, does this—we must unceasingly and firmly oppose them.” –W.E.B. Du Bois, The Souls of the Black People (p. 531).
Understandably, Du Bois believed that it wasn’t excusable for discrimination and segregation to exist. While Washington seemed to be content with what the people had, Du Bois wanted something better for his race, and pushed for racial equality, which was not an important issue during the Progressive Era.
Chapter 17 Section 5 Critical Thinking #4
Chapter 17 Section 5 Critical Thinking #4
4) Why do you think Wilson failed to push for equality for African Americans, despite his progressive reforms?
-progressive presidents before Wilson
-Wilson’s background
-the primary group of people progressive reforms targeted
Wilson failed to push for equality among African-Americans despite his progressive reforms for many reasons. The progressive presidents before Wilson, Taft and Roosevelt, didn’t set much of a precedent. Both retreated on their promises to make America equal and to help the civil rights cause after they were elected (p.541). Roosevelt did make a little progress; when residents of a town in Mississippi refused to accept a black postmistress, he closed the station rather than give in, and he appointed an African American as the head of a Charleston, N.C., customhouse. However, he also dismissed a whole regiment of African American soldiers accused of harboring others charged with murder in Brownsville, Texas (p. 530). Wilson’s background also didn’t give him incentive to do anything to help the civil rights case. He was from the South, and to him, racism and discrimination were the norm. When he was in office, he would please Southern Democrats and disappoint black and white Northerners. Furthermore, his cabinet was composed entirely of Southerners, who extended segregation (p. 542). There were hardly any people who were pushing for civil rights in the South. Progressive reforms targeted African Americans as supporters, and liberal whites who were uncommon, certainly in the South, and Wilson was not somebody who would be considered as a potential supporter of the movement.
4) Why do you think Wilson failed to push for equality for African Americans, despite his progressive reforms?
-progressive presidents before Wilson
-Wilson’s background
-the primary group of people progressive reforms targeted
Wilson failed to push for equality among African-Americans despite his progressive reforms for many reasons. The progressive presidents before Wilson, Taft and Roosevelt, didn’t set much of a precedent. Both retreated on their promises to make America equal and to help the civil rights cause after they were elected (p.541). Roosevelt did make a little progress; when residents of a town in Mississippi refused to accept a black postmistress, he closed the station rather than give in, and he appointed an African American as the head of a Charleston, N.C., customhouse. However, he also dismissed a whole regiment of African American soldiers accused of harboring others charged with murder in Brownsville, Texas (p. 530). Wilson’s background also didn’t give him incentive to do anything to help the civil rights case. He was from the South, and to him, racism and discrimination were the norm. When he was in office, he would please Southern Democrats and disappoint black and white Northerners. Furthermore, his cabinet was composed entirely of Southerners, who extended segregation (p. 542). There were hardly any people who were pushing for civil rights in the South. Progressive reforms targeted African Americans as supporters, and liberal whites who were uncommon, certainly in the South, and Wilson was not somebody who would be considered as a potential supporter of the movement.
Chapter 17 Section 1 Critical Thinking #4
Chapter 17 Section 1 Critical Thinking #4
The cartoon of Carry Nation and her hatchet shows her in a way that suggests the cartoonist had an unfavorable view of her. The cartoon depicts a sour-faced Nation with her well-used hatched standing in the wreckage of a saloon she has demolished, as customers and a bartender cower in corners. For one, if the cartoon has been meant to show Nation as a hero, it is doubtful that it would have been drawn the way it was. When you look at the cartoon all you see is a bitter old woman who has destroyed the livelihood of the poor man crouching behind the counter; it is so mundane, it almost asks why she even bothered with doing this, and what effect she thought it could possibly have. One would think that if the cartoonist meant for this to be seen as “Carry Nation is doing the right/Christian thing”, there would be perhaps be Christian references, maybe a depiction of her as a religious icon, , or something suggesting that she is a savior. But there is none of that grandeur to it, and all you see is some crazy old woman with her hatchet. There is nothing to suggest that what she is doing is truly significant and would change the country. The way that the men in the background are hiding also makes it seem like she is hurting innocent people, and the state that the saloon is in suggests that maybe she takes too much joy in ruining people’s businesses. Altogether, the picture is not a flattering portrayal of Nation, and the cartoonist doesn’t seem to be very fond of her.
The cartoon of Carry Nation and her hatchet shows her in a way that suggests the cartoonist had an unfavorable view of her. The cartoon depicts a sour-faced Nation with her well-used hatched standing in the wreckage of a saloon she has demolished, as customers and a bartender cower in corners. For one, if the cartoon has been meant to show Nation as a hero, it is doubtful that it would have been drawn the way it was. When you look at the cartoon all you see is a bitter old woman who has destroyed the livelihood of the poor man crouching behind the counter; it is so mundane, it almost asks why she even bothered with doing this, and what effect she thought it could possibly have. One would think that if the cartoonist meant for this to be seen as “Carry Nation is doing the right/Christian thing”, there would be perhaps be Christian references, maybe a depiction of her as a religious icon, , or something suggesting that she is a savior. But there is none of that grandeur to it, and all you see is some crazy old woman with her hatchet. There is nothing to suggest that what she is doing is truly significant and would change the country. The way that the men in the background are hiding also makes it seem like she is hurting innocent people, and the state that the saloon is in suggests that maybe she takes too much joy in ruining people’s businesses. Altogether, the picture is not a flattering portrayal of Nation, and the cartoonist doesn’t seem to be very fond of her.
Chapter 17 Section 1 Critical Thinking #3
Chapter 17 Section 1 Critical Thinking #3
3) Why might Illinois, Wisconsin, and Oregon all be considered trailblazers in progressive reform?
-legislative and electoral reforms at state level
-the leadership of William U’Ren and Robert La Follette
-Florence Kelley’s appointment as chief inspector of factories for Illinois
Illinois, Wisconsin and Oregon could all be considered trailblazers in progressive reform because they were the first to listen to citizens of the country and take action to resolve problems and correct injustices when the other states did nothing about these problems.
One important issue that needed to be addressed in the progressive movement was the treatment of workers. Illinois was the first state to pass an act to protect women and children as workers in factories. Florence Kelley was a women’s and children’s rights activist, and assisted in the passage of the Illinois Factory Act of 1893. The act prohibited child labor and limited women’s work hours. Kelley was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois after the act was passed. Many groups had tried to help improve the lives of the working class; the YMCA built libraries and sponsored classes, and the Salvation Army organized “slum brigades” that would tell poor immigrants about the importance of temperance and hard work, as well as feeding the poor in soup kitchens and caring for children in nurseries. But Illinois was the first to take action on state/government level, and the act that they passed set a precedent for other states who passed similar laws (p. 513).
Another important issue of the times was separating corporations and big business from the government. These companies had much more influence than they should over what happened in the state governments, and it was not in the best interest of the people. Wisconsin became one of the first states to take action and change this, under the leadership of Robert M. La Follette, the governor. He believed that it was his duty as governor not to “smash corporations, but merely drive them out of politics, and then treat them exactly the same as other people are treated”. La Follette targeted railroad companies in particular , taxing railroad property, setting up a commission to regulate rates, and making it illegal for railroads to give out free passes to government officials. The work of La Follette and other reform governors like James S. Hogg of Texas and Charles B. Aycock of North Carolina helped to change to unfair influence that corporations and big businesses had over the government, and make the people as powerful they were supposed to be (p. 516).
Oregon was a leader in progressive reform because it was the first state to give its citizens the power to make laws, and be in charge of their elected officials instead of it being the other way around. In Oregon, this state reform was started by William S. U’Ren, a citizen. He got the state to start using the secret ballot, the initiative, the referendum and the recall. These gave the people the power to petition to place a bill on a ballot that was made by the people instead of lawmakers, vote on whether to accept or reject it and to get rid of elected public officials before their term was up by making them go through another election if enough voters requested it. These laws became models for other states, and a total of 20 states had adopted at least one of these by 1920 (p. 518).
3) Why might Illinois, Wisconsin, and Oregon all be considered trailblazers in progressive reform?
-legislative and electoral reforms at state level
-the leadership of William U’Ren and Robert La Follette
-Florence Kelley’s appointment as chief inspector of factories for Illinois
Illinois, Wisconsin and Oregon could all be considered trailblazers in progressive reform because they were the first to listen to citizens of the country and take action to resolve problems and correct injustices when the other states did nothing about these problems.
One important issue that needed to be addressed in the progressive movement was the treatment of workers. Illinois was the first state to pass an act to protect women and children as workers in factories. Florence Kelley was a women’s and children’s rights activist, and assisted in the passage of the Illinois Factory Act of 1893. The act prohibited child labor and limited women’s work hours. Kelley was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois after the act was passed. Many groups had tried to help improve the lives of the working class; the YMCA built libraries and sponsored classes, and the Salvation Army organized “slum brigades” that would tell poor immigrants about the importance of temperance and hard work, as well as feeding the poor in soup kitchens and caring for children in nurseries. But Illinois was the first to take action on state/government level, and the act that they passed set a precedent for other states who passed similar laws (p. 513).
Another important issue of the times was separating corporations and big business from the government. These companies had much more influence than they should over what happened in the state governments, and it was not in the best interest of the people. Wisconsin became one of the first states to take action and change this, under the leadership of Robert M. La Follette, the governor. He believed that it was his duty as governor not to “smash corporations, but merely drive them out of politics, and then treat them exactly the same as other people are treated”. La Follette targeted railroad companies in particular , taxing railroad property, setting up a commission to regulate rates, and making it illegal for railroads to give out free passes to government officials. The work of La Follette and other reform governors like James S. Hogg of Texas and Charles B. Aycock of North Carolina helped to change to unfair influence that corporations and big businesses had over the government, and make the people as powerful they were supposed to be (p. 516).
Oregon was a leader in progressive reform because it was the first state to give its citizens the power to make laws, and be in charge of their elected officials instead of it being the other way around. In Oregon, this state reform was started by William S. U’Ren, a citizen. He got the state to start using the secret ballot, the initiative, the referendum and the recall. These gave the people the power to petition to place a bill on a ballot that was made by the people instead of lawmakers, vote on whether to accept or reject it and to get rid of elected public officials before their term was up by making them go through another election if enough voters requested it. These laws became models for other states, and a total of 20 states had adopted at least one of these by 1920 (p. 518).
Chapter 17 Section 1 Guided Reading
Social Reforms:
1) Social welfare reform movement:
- People and groups involved: The YMCA opened libraries, sponsored classes and built swimming pools and handball courts; The Salvation Army fed poor people in soup kitchens, cared for children in nurseries and sent “slum brigades” to help immigrants ho were middle class on the values of temperance and hard work; Florence Kelley was a women’s and children’s rights activist (p. 513).
-Successes (laws, legal decisions, etc.): After she assisted in the passing of the Illinois Factory Act in 1893, which made child labor illegal and limited the working hours for women, Florence Kelley was made the chief inspector of factories in Illinois (p.513).
2) Moral reform movement:
-People and groups involved: The Women’s Christian Temperance Union, formed in Cleveland in 1874, had its members enter saloons, singing, praying and asking the owners to stop selling alcohol. Francis Willard changed the group from being a small religious group to being a national organization. As well as temperance addressing temperance issues, the WCTU opened kindergartens for immigrants, visited the inmates of asylums and prisons, and worked for suffrage. They were also involved in the settlement house movement (pgs.513-514). The Anti-Saloon League was founded in 1895, trying to close saloons and thus fix the problems of society. But this caused problems between the group and the immigrants whose customs involved drinking alcohol, as well as providing meals and cashing paychecks (p. 514).
-Successes (laws, legal decisions, etc.): The reform activities of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union expanded roles in public for women, which they also used to justify giving voting rights to women (p. 513).
3) Economic reform movement:
People and groups involved: The American Socialist Party was started in 1901with the help of Eugene V. Debs. This was a result of many Americans questioning the economic system of the United States, capitalism, causing many Americans, particularly laborers, to embrace socialism. Journalists who wrote about how corrupt the businesses and public life of the times were called muckrakers. They succeeded in bringing light to the cutthroat tactics of business owners such as John Rockefeller (p. 514).
-Successes (laws, legal decisions, etc.): A new political party was started for people who wished to make a change in the direction that the relationship between business and government were going (p. 514).
4) Movement for industrial efficiency:
- People and groups involved: Lawyer Louis D. Brandeis defended laws that limited women’s working hours to 10 hours a day. Brandeis’s method, which involved looking at the cost to the individual and society resultant of long working hours, rather than the legal aspects, became the “model for other reform litigation”, called the “Brandeis brief”. Frederick Winslow Taylor started to use a method to improve efficiency in manufacturing by breaking tasks into simpler parts. This became a management fad, called “Taylorism”, and industry reformers “applied these scientific management studies”, to see how quickly the tasks could be done. Basically, it was the start of the “assembly line” method. The system exhausted workers, often causing injury. Henry Ford, one of the pioneers of the assembly line method, pacified his workers and avoided strikes by paying $5 a day and having 8 hour work days (pgs. 514-515).
- Successes (laws, legal decisions, etc.): Lawyer Louis D. Brandeis defended an Oregon law that limited women who worked in factories and laundry places to a 10 hour work day. Instead of focusing only on legal arguments, he presented data that showed the effects of long working hours on the individual and society. This argument, later known as the “Brandeis brief, set a precedent for future reform litigation (p. 514).
5) Movement to protect workers:
- People and groups involved: Florence Kelley, a women’s and children’s rights activist, assisted in the passing of the Illinois Factory Act in 1893, which prohibited child labor and limited women’s working hours (p. 514). The National Child Labor Committee was formed in 1904, and sent investigators who would gather evidence that children were working in harsh conditions, and then have exhibitions with statistics and photos of the children. Other labor unions joined in the plight of the NCLC, arguing that child labor lowered wages for all workers (p. 516). Louis D. Brandeis, with the help of Florence Kelley, convinced the Court to uphold an Oregon law that limited women to a 10 hour workday, using the argument that poor women were much less economically stable than large corporations. Another Brandeis brief in Bunting v. Oregon convinced the Court to uphold a 10 hour workday for men as well, in 1917. Progressives succeeded in getting “worker’s compensation to aid the families of workers who were hurt or killed on the job”. Maryland was the first to pass this legislation, in 1902, and was followed by the other states that required employers to pay benefits in death cases (p. 517).
-Successes (laws, legal decisions, etc.): Florence Kelley assisted in the passing of the Illinois Factory Act of 1893, which prohibited the child labor and limited women’s working hours (p. 514). Labor unions with the National Child Labor Committee pressured politicians to pass the Keating-Own Act in 1916, which prohibited moving goods produced with child labor across state lines. This, however, was declared unconstitutional 2 years later because it interfered with state’s rights to regulate labor. Reformers did manage to set maximum hours and prohibit child labor in nearly every state with legislation. A Brandeis brief in Bunting v. Oregon persuaded the Court to uphold a law giving men a 10 hour workday, as well as an earlier law was passed with the help of Brandeis and Kelley in Oregon limiting women to a 10 hour workday. Progressives got worker’s compensation to help the families of employees hurt or killed while working, and many states passed legislation that required employees to pay benefits to the families of workers if said worker died (p. 517).
1) Social welfare reform movement:
- People and groups involved: The YMCA opened libraries, sponsored classes and built swimming pools and handball courts; The Salvation Army fed poor people in soup kitchens, cared for children in nurseries and sent “slum brigades” to help immigrants ho were middle class on the values of temperance and hard work; Florence Kelley was a women’s and children’s rights activist (p. 513).
-Successes (laws, legal decisions, etc.): After she assisted in the passing of the Illinois Factory Act in 1893, which made child labor illegal and limited the working hours for women, Florence Kelley was made the chief inspector of factories in Illinois (p.513).
2) Moral reform movement:
-People and groups involved: The Women’s Christian Temperance Union, formed in Cleveland in 1874, had its members enter saloons, singing, praying and asking the owners to stop selling alcohol. Francis Willard changed the group from being a small religious group to being a national organization. As well as temperance addressing temperance issues, the WCTU opened kindergartens for immigrants, visited the inmates of asylums and prisons, and worked for suffrage. They were also involved in the settlement house movement (pgs.513-514). The Anti-Saloon League was founded in 1895, trying to close saloons and thus fix the problems of society. But this caused problems between the group and the immigrants whose customs involved drinking alcohol, as well as providing meals and cashing paychecks (p. 514).
-Successes (laws, legal decisions, etc.): The reform activities of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union expanded roles in public for women, which they also used to justify giving voting rights to women (p. 513).
3) Economic reform movement:
People and groups involved: The American Socialist Party was started in 1901with the help of Eugene V. Debs. This was a result of many Americans questioning the economic system of the United States, capitalism, causing many Americans, particularly laborers, to embrace socialism. Journalists who wrote about how corrupt the businesses and public life of the times were called muckrakers. They succeeded in bringing light to the cutthroat tactics of business owners such as John Rockefeller (p. 514).
-Successes (laws, legal decisions, etc.): A new political party was started for people who wished to make a change in the direction that the relationship between business and government were going (p. 514).
4) Movement for industrial efficiency:
- People and groups involved: Lawyer Louis D. Brandeis defended laws that limited women’s working hours to 10 hours a day. Brandeis’s method, which involved looking at the cost to the individual and society resultant of long working hours, rather than the legal aspects, became the “model for other reform litigation”, called the “Brandeis brief”. Frederick Winslow Taylor started to use a method to improve efficiency in manufacturing by breaking tasks into simpler parts. This became a management fad, called “Taylorism”, and industry reformers “applied these scientific management studies”, to see how quickly the tasks could be done. Basically, it was the start of the “assembly line” method. The system exhausted workers, often causing injury. Henry Ford, one of the pioneers of the assembly line method, pacified his workers and avoided strikes by paying $5 a day and having 8 hour work days (pgs. 514-515).
- Successes (laws, legal decisions, etc.): Lawyer Louis D. Brandeis defended an Oregon law that limited women who worked in factories and laundry places to a 10 hour work day. Instead of focusing only on legal arguments, he presented data that showed the effects of long working hours on the individual and society. This argument, later known as the “Brandeis brief, set a precedent for future reform litigation (p. 514).
5) Movement to protect workers:
- People and groups involved: Florence Kelley, a women’s and children’s rights activist, assisted in the passing of the Illinois Factory Act in 1893, which prohibited child labor and limited women’s working hours (p. 514). The National Child Labor Committee was formed in 1904, and sent investigators who would gather evidence that children were working in harsh conditions, and then have exhibitions with statistics and photos of the children. Other labor unions joined in the plight of the NCLC, arguing that child labor lowered wages for all workers (p. 516). Louis D. Brandeis, with the help of Florence Kelley, convinced the Court to uphold an Oregon law that limited women to a 10 hour workday, using the argument that poor women were much less economically stable than large corporations. Another Brandeis brief in Bunting v. Oregon convinced the Court to uphold a 10 hour workday for men as well, in 1917. Progressives succeeded in getting “worker’s compensation to aid the families of workers who were hurt or killed on the job”. Maryland was the first to pass this legislation, in 1902, and was followed by the other states that required employers to pay benefits in death cases (p. 517).
-Successes (laws, legal decisions, etc.): Florence Kelley assisted in the passing of the Illinois Factory Act of 1893, which prohibited the child labor and limited women’s working hours (p. 514). Labor unions with the National Child Labor Committee pressured politicians to pass the Keating-Own Act in 1916, which prohibited moving goods produced with child labor across state lines. This, however, was declared unconstitutional 2 years later because it interfered with state’s rights to regulate labor. Reformers did manage to set maximum hours and prohibit child labor in nearly every state with legislation. A Brandeis brief in Bunting v. Oregon persuaded the Court to uphold a law giving men a 10 hour workday, as well as an earlier law was passed with the help of Brandeis and Kelley in Oregon limiting women to a 10 hour workday. Progressives got worker’s compensation to help the families of employees hurt or killed while working, and many states passed legislation that required employees to pay benefits to the families of workers if said worker died (p. 517).
Chapter 17 Section 2 Critical Thinking #3
Chapter 17 Section 2 Critical Thinking #3
During the progressive Era, it seems that many women stepped forward to fight for their rights and introduced many movements that helped to do away with the notion that women were submissive and nonpolitical. Two women who were icons in the suffragist movement were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was one of the women responsible for the Seneca Falls convention of 1848, and .started the National Women’s Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony. The NWSA merged with another group in 1890 to make the National American Woman Suffrage Association, a group dedicated (obviously) to suffrage, and facing opposition constantly from different groups (p. 521-522). Other important leaders of the movement were Julia Ward Howe (who wrote “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”), and Lucy Stone. These women were a contradiction to the belief that women were wallflowers in themselves, and were very aggressive in trying to attain what they wanted. Suffragist leaders later launched a 3- Part strategy in order to win the vote for women. First, suffragists tried to convince state legislatures to allow women to vote. They then argued that women were citizens, and denying them the right to vote was against the 14th amendment, and pursued court cases on the matter. Finally, they pushed for an amendment to the constitution granting women the right to vote. They did not always meet with success, but their determination and tenacity did win the suffragists some victories. Utah, Colorado, Idaho and the territory of Wisconsin granted the right to vote to women, and Stanton did succeed in getting the amendment introduced in California, though it was later killed (p. 522). Suffragists did not succeed for the next 41 years, but their determination made a statement, and their refusal to give in did eventually pay off when women were finally granted the right to vote. Without the leadership of leaders such as Stanton and Anthony, women might have still been stereotyped as submissive and nonpolitical for years, but the suffragist leaders changed that.
During the progressive Era, it seems that many women stepped forward to fight for their rights and introduced many movements that helped to do away with the notion that women were submissive and nonpolitical. Two women who were icons in the suffragist movement were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was one of the women responsible for the Seneca Falls convention of 1848, and .started the National Women’s Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony. The NWSA merged with another group in 1890 to make the National American Woman Suffrage Association, a group dedicated (obviously) to suffrage, and facing opposition constantly from different groups (p. 521-522). Other important leaders of the movement were Julia Ward Howe (who wrote “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”), and Lucy Stone. These women were a contradiction to the belief that women were wallflowers in themselves, and were very aggressive in trying to attain what they wanted. Suffragist leaders later launched a 3- Part strategy in order to win the vote for women. First, suffragists tried to convince state legislatures to allow women to vote. They then argued that women were citizens, and denying them the right to vote was against the 14th amendment, and pursued court cases on the matter. Finally, they pushed for an amendment to the constitution granting women the right to vote. They did not always meet with success, but their determination and tenacity did win the suffragists some victories. Utah, Colorado, Idaho and the territory of Wisconsin granted the right to vote to women, and Stanton did succeed in getting the amendment introduced in California, though it was later killed (p. 522). Suffragists did not succeed for the next 41 years, but their determination made a statement, and their refusal to give in did eventually pay off when women were finally granted the right to vote. Without the leadership of leaders such as Stanton and Anthony, women might have still been stereotyped as submissive and nonpolitical for years, but the suffragist leaders changed that.
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