Friday, June 6, 2008
Current Events Reflection
I did learn a lot by having to do current events every week, although I did not always feel enthusiastic about it; at the beginning of the year when the current events bookmarks were assigned, I though "Oh god, just another stupid thing I'm going to have hanging over my head the WHOLE. ENTIRE. YEAR." But once I actually found good sources, I didn't mind at all, and I was happy to know what was going on in the world and not feel like an ignorant teenager. I read Newsweek before we started doing current events, but that's more focused on events in America, so by having to do the bookmarks, I was finding out more about what was going on in the world and was able to understand some of the things happening in the world more. I could have learned more about current events, maybe, if I had to do more than one region every week, or if i had to research one story that I found every week; not necessarily more, but it would be more in depth on one subject. I think that the bookmarks are the best way to get a good balance of current events and history, though; if we had to do more work for current events, it would be too much focus on that and not enough in history. Next time, I would try to branch out with my sources. I had a few sources, but I mostly used bbcnews.com, so it would probably be better to try to get information from other places as well that might have different perspectives or ways of writing about stories. What could be improved on Mr. Scott's part is the Wikispaces summaries at the end of each quarter; I never really felt like I knew exactly what was expected of me when doing them, and we never got our grades, so I didn't know what I was doing right or wrong. A little more clarity on the instructions would be nice next time. I do think that I will keep reading the news. I like knowing what's going on in different parts of the world; it's important to be aware of your surroundings in order to be a balanced person with a good understanding of the world.
Wednesday, June 4, 2008
Chapter 34 Section 2 Study Guide
The Domestic Economy: Good News and Bad News
1. What was the good news? Millions of new jobs were created between 1993 and 1999; by 2000, unemployment rates fell to the lowest they had been since 1970.
2. What was the bad news? Wage inequality between upper and lower-income Americans (aka the income back) became much wider, and median household income dropped.
The Changing Domestic Economy:
3. What trends led to explosive growth in the service sector? How did this affect workers? Positions in service sector jobs were often part-time and temporary with limited benefits, and grew fast in the '90's; by 2000, 80% of Americans worked in such jobs. Low paying jobs like sales and fast food service grew fastest. Corporations did not want to invest in salaries and benefits for a full-time staff, so they started hiring temporary workers and downsizing (cutting payrolls to streamline operations and increase profits). By 1998, one fourth of America's work force worked in such positions, but because of the cuts and downsizing, younger workers had a higher unemployment rate. By 1999, an average of 11% of workers aged 16 to 24 were unemployed, more than double the national rate, and 75% of young workers were expected to earn less money as adults than their parents.
4. What trends led to explosive growth in temporary work? How were workers affected?
The same answer as before: Corporations did not want to invest in salaries and benefits for a full-time staff, so they started hiring temporary workers and downsizing (cutting payrolls to streamline operations and increase profits). By 1998, one fourth of America's work force worked in such positions, but because of the cuts and downsizing, younger workers had a higher unemployment rate. By 1999, an average of 11% of workers aged 16 to 24 were unemployed, more than double the national rate, and 75% of young workers were expected to earn less money as adults than their parents.
5. What trend led to a sharp decline in manufacturing jobs? How were workers affected? Because of the huge growth of jobs in the service sector, traditional manufacturing jobs declined hugely; in 1992, 140,000 steel workers did the same work that 240,000 did a decade beforehand. This contributed to a drop in participation in unions; by 1998, only 14% of Americans were union members because many workers either did not feel the need for them or were frightened that they would lose their jobs. The increase in high tech machinery cut many jobs, but it also made a powerful new "high-tech" economy.
6. What trend led to explosive growth in the high tech industry? How were workers affected? In the 1990s, many entrepreneurs turned to computer technology; this and the large amount of related businesses that cropped up went with the growth of the Internet in the '90s; the NASDAQ, which is a "technology dominated stock index" on Wall Street, rose hugely; they largely dealt with dotcoms, which became the place for new businesses to start out and attracted new talents and expanded rapidly. many quit their jobs and became stock traders online.
The Changing Global Economy:
7. What trend affected international trade and competition? How did those trends affect U.S. businesses and workers? In 1994 in response to increasing international competition in trading, the U.S. and other nations joined in signing and updated version of the general Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This established the World Trade Organization to resolve trade disputes and lowered tariffs and other trade barriers. In the 1990s, companies started moving their operations to less economically advanced countries such as Mexico, which, after the passage of NAFTA, caused more than 100,000 low wage jobs to be lost in industries such as apparel, auto parts and electronics. The international competition also caused Americans corporations to maintain lower wages.
1. What was the good news? Millions of new jobs were created between 1993 and 1999; by 2000, unemployment rates fell to the lowest they had been since 1970.
2. What was the bad news? Wage inequality between upper and lower-income Americans (aka the income back) became much wider, and median household income dropped.
The Changing Domestic Economy:
3. What trends led to explosive growth in the service sector? How did this affect workers? Positions in service sector jobs were often part-time and temporary with limited benefits, and grew fast in the '90's; by 2000, 80% of Americans worked in such jobs. Low paying jobs like sales and fast food service grew fastest. Corporations did not want to invest in salaries and benefits for a full-time staff, so they started hiring temporary workers and downsizing (cutting payrolls to streamline operations and increase profits). By 1998, one fourth of America's work force worked in such positions, but because of the cuts and downsizing, younger workers had a higher unemployment rate. By 1999, an average of 11% of workers aged 16 to 24 were unemployed, more than double the national rate, and 75% of young workers were expected to earn less money as adults than their parents.
4. What trends led to explosive growth in temporary work? How were workers affected?
The same answer as before: Corporations did not want to invest in salaries and benefits for a full-time staff, so they started hiring temporary workers and downsizing (cutting payrolls to streamline operations and increase profits). By 1998, one fourth of America's work force worked in such positions, but because of the cuts and downsizing, younger workers had a higher unemployment rate. By 1999, an average of 11% of workers aged 16 to 24 were unemployed, more than double the national rate, and 75% of young workers were expected to earn less money as adults than their parents.
5. What trend led to a sharp decline in manufacturing jobs? How were workers affected? Because of the huge growth of jobs in the service sector, traditional manufacturing jobs declined hugely; in 1992, 140,000 steel workers did the same work that 240,000 did a decade beforehand. This contributed to a drop in participation in unions; by 1998, only 14% of Americans were union members because many workers either did not feel the need for them or were frightened that they would lose their jobs. The increase in high tech machinery cut many jobs, but it also made a powerful new "high-tech" economy.
6. What trend led to explosive growth in the high tech industry? How were workers affected? In the 1990s, many entrepreneurs turned to computer technology; this and the large amount of related businesses that cropped up went with the growth of the Internet in the '90s; the NASDAQ, which is a "technology dominated stock index" on Wall Street, rose hugely; they largely dealt with dotcoms, which became the place for new businesses to start out and attracted new talents and expanded rapidly. many quit their jobs and became stock traders online.
The Changing Global Economy:
7. What trend affected international trade and competition? How did those trends affect U.S. businesses and workers? In 1994 in response to increasing international competition in trading, the U.S. and other nations joined in signing and updated version of the general Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. This established the World Trade Organization to resolve trade disputes and lowered tariffs and other trade barriers. In the 1990s, companies started moving their operations to less economically advanced countries such as Mexico, which, after the passage of NAFTA, caused more than 100,000 low wage jobs to be lost in industries such as apparel, auto parts and electronics. The international competition also caused Americans corporations to maintain lower wages.
Monday, May 26, 2008
Chapter 33 Section 1 Study Guide
Note the individuals, groups and institutions that fueled the conservative movement. Then identify issues the New Right emphasized as well as the interests it promoted.
A.
1) Individuals: "Conservative intellectuals" argued in favor of conservatism in newspapers such as The Wall Street Journal and magazines such as The National Review, which was founded by the conservative William F. Buckley, Jr in 1955 (p. 1037). Influential televangelists Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson preached conservative views on TV and the radio. Falwell formed the organization The Moral Majority, which was a group for evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally and condemned liberal beliefs as "wrong" and their own beliefs as "right" (p. 1037-38). Conservative Ronald Reagan and his running mate George h.W. Bush were elected as president and vice-president in 1980. His beliefs were all things that conservatives were concerned about: the Roe v. Wade decision, pornography, the teaching of evolution in schools and prayer in schools, which had been banned by the Supreme Court in 1962.
2) Groups and Institutions: The conservative coalition was a number of conservative groups that came together in an alliance for "business leaders, middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats and fundamentalist Christian groups" (p. 1037). Other conservative groups such as the American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation were founded to create conservative policies that would appeal to the average American and the majority of voters. organization The Moral Majority, which was a group for evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally and condemned liberal beliefs as "wrong" and their own beliefs as "right". They raised money to support conservative candidates and did "direct-mail campaigns", both of which were attempts to get closer to their political goals. (p. 1037-38).
3) Issues and Interests:
The issues and interests of the new conservative group were mainly linked to religious beliefs: Conservatives were concerned about the Roe v. Wade decision, the teaching of evolution in schools, the ban on schools prayer, the lack of traditional "family values"(a.k.a. Christian values). The groups' main political goals were to reduce the size of the federal government and spending, promote traditional family values and "patriotic ideals", stimulate business by reducing government regulations and lowering taxes, and strengthen the national defense.
B.
Identify four factors that lead to Ronald Reagan's victory
1) The Iranian hostage crisis and weak economy under Jimmy Carter, who was his political opponent in the 1980 election, made him seem highly electable to the American public.
2) His conservative beliefs matched those of concerned conservatives who were unhappy with America's status on abortion, prayer in schools, the teaching of evolution in schools and other such issues made him popular with the right wing.
3) As an actor and a politician with years of experience, he was very comfortable and charming whilst in the public eye, making jokes and seeming relaxed, as opposed to Carter, who appeared stiff and uncomfortable in public.
4) Reagan had been elected as governor of California two times, and had given a speech nominating Barry Goldwater as a Republican presidential candidate, making him seen eligible for election in public office. He was also a spokesman for General Electric, and traveled the country promoting free enterprise and shrinking the federal government.
A.
1) Individuals: "Conservative intellectuals" argued in favor of conservatism in newspapers such as The Wall Street Journal and magazines such as The National Review, which was founded by the conservative William F. Buckley, Jr in 1955 (p. 1037). Influential televangelists Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson preached conservative views on TV and the radio. Falwell formed the organization The Moral Majority, which was a group for evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally and condemned liberal beliefs as "wrong" and their own beliefs as "right" (p. 1037-38). Conservative Ronald Reagan and his running mate George h.W. Bush were elected as president and vice-president in 1980. His beliefs were all things that conservatives were concerned about: the Roe v. Wade decision, pornography, the teaching of evolution in schools and prayer in schools, which had been banned by the Supreme Court in 1962.
2) Groups and Institutions: The conservative coalition was a number of conservative groups that came together in an alliance for "business leaders, middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats and fundamentalist Christian groups" (p. 1037). Other conservative groups such as the American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation were founded to create conservative policies that would appeal to the average American and the majority of voters. organization The Moral Majority, which was a group for evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally and condemned liberal beliefs as "wrong" and their own beliefs as "right". They raised money to support conservative candidates and did "direct-mail campaigns", both of which were attempts to get closer to their political goals. (p. 1037-38).
3) Issues and Interests:
The issues and interests of the new conservative group were mainly linked to religious beliefs: Conservatives were concerned about the Roe v. Wade decision, the teaching of evolution in schools, the ban on schools prayer, the lack of traditional "family values"(a.k.a. Christian values). The groups' main political goals were to reduce the size of the federal government and spending, promote traditional family values and "patriotic ideals", stimulate business by reducing government regulations and lowering taxes, and strengthen the national defense.
B.
Identify four factors that lead to Ronald Reagan's victory
1) The Iranian hostage crisis and weak economy under Jimmy Carter, who was his political opponent in the 1980 election, made him seem highly electable to the American public.
2) His conservative beliefs matched those of concerned conservatives who were unhappy with America's status on abortion, prayer in schools, the teaching of evolution in schools and other such issues made him popular with the right wing.
3) As an actor and a politician with years of experience, he was very comfortable and charming whilst in the public eye, making jokes and seeming relaxed, as opposed to Carter, who appeared stiff and uncomfortable in public.
4) Reagan had been elected as governor of California two times, and had given a speech nominating Barry Goldwater as a Republican presidential candidate, making him seen eligible for election in public office. He was also a spokesman for General Electric, and traveled the country promoting free enterprise and shrinking the federal government.
Wednesday, May 21, 2008
Chapter 31 Section 3 Worksheet
Oil Consumption in the 1970s
1. What was the trend in oil consumption from 1970 to 1973?
The amount of oil consumed by the U.S. went up steadily from 1970 to 1973. The amount consumed rose from about 28 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu.
2. How much oil did Americans consume in 1973?
Americans consumed 34 quadrillion Btu of oil in 1973.
3. In which year during the 1970s was oil consumption the greatest?
Oil consumption was the greatest during the 1970s in in 1978, when it reached a peak of 37 quadrillion Btu.
4. Why where there rather sharp declines in oil consumption after 1973 and 1979?
From 1973 to 1974, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) were angry with the U.S.'s support of Israel in the 1973 war with its Arabian neighbors. They retaliated by cutting oil exports to the U.S. and raising the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel, causing U.S. gasoline and heating oil prices to grow exponentially. In 1979, OPEC raised the price of oil again, this time from $12 a barrel to more than $30 a barrel.
5. What do you imagine happened to oil consumption in 1981? Why?
I assume that U.S. oil consumption declined steadily after 1979, when the price of oil rose from $12 a barrel to $30 a barrel. On the graph provided on the worksheet, it is shown that the U.S.'s oil consumption fell from about 37 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu. Unless the price of oil dropped drastically, it can be assumed that consumption would follow the same pattern.
6. Logically, why should the percentage of imported oil consumed in the United States have dropped in 1973-1974?
"Logically", the percentage of imported oil imported to the U.S. should have dropped in 1973 and 1974 because the leaders of OPEC, and organization which basically decided the price of oil, cut exports to the U.S. and raised the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel. It follows, ("logically", of course), that the U.S.'s consumption would fall.
Why do you think it did not?
I think it did not because by the point in the time that the prices were raised hugely, the U.S. was so dependent on foreign oil that simply not buying it was not an option anymore. So the imported oil to the U.S. did not drop, but it didn't rise either.
7. Until 1969, imported oil had never been more than 19.8% of the total amount of the oil consumed in the United States. In your own words, summarize what happened to U.S. reliance on foreign oil in the 1970s.
During the 1970s, for whatever reason (probably lack of national resources), the U.S.'s dependence on foreign oil went up exponentially. It went from 19.8% as the total amount imported in 1969 to a peak of 46% in 1977. The U.S. went from having little oil exported to being dependent on it for almost half of the oil consumed in the 1970s
1. What was the trend in oil consumption from 1970 to 1973?
The amount of oil consumed by the U.S. went up steadily from 1970 to 1973. The amount consumed rose from about 28 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu.
2. How much oil did Americans consume in 1973?
Americans consumed 34 quadrillion Btu of oil in 1973.
3. In which year during the 1970s was oil consumption the greatest?
Oil consumption was the greatest during the 1970s in in 1978, when it reached a peak of 37 quadrillion Btu.
4. Why where there rather sharp declines in oil consumption after 1973 and 1979?
From 1973 to 1974, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) were angry with the U.S.'s support of Israel in the 1973 war with its Arabian neighbors. They retaliated by cutting oil exports to the U.S. and raising the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel, causing U.S. gasoline and heating oil prices to grow exponentially. In 1979, OPEC raised the price of oil again, this time from $12 a barrel to more than $30 a barrel.
5. What do you imagine happened to oil consumption in 1981? Why?
I assume that U.S. oil consumption declined steadily after 1979, when the price of oil rose from $12 a barrel to $30 a barrel. On the graph provided on the worksheet, it is shown that the U.S.'s oil consumption fell from about 37 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu. Unless the price of oil dropped drastically, it can be assumed that consumption would follow the same pattern.
6. Logically, why should the percentage of imported oil consumed in the United States have dropped in 1973-1974?
"Logically", the percentage of imported oil imported to the U.S. should have dropped in 1973 and 1974 because the leaders of OPEC, and organization which basically decided the price of oil, cut exports to the U.S. and raised the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel. It follows, ("logically", of course), that the U.S.'s consumption would fall.
Why do you think it did not?
I think it did not because by the point in the time that the prices were raised hugely, the U.S. was so dependent on foreign oil that simply not buying it was not an option anymore. So the imported oil to the U.S. did not drop, but it didn't rise either.
7. Until 1969, imported oil had never been more than 19.8% of the total amount of the oil consumed in the United States. In your own words, summarize what happened to U.S. reliance on foreign oil in the 1970s.
During the 1970s, for whatever reason (probably lack of national resources), the U.S.'s dependence on foreign oil went up exponentially. It went from 19.8% as the total amount imported in 1969 to a peak of 46% in 1977. The U.S. went from having little oil exported to being dependent on it for almost half of the oil consumed in the 1970s
Friday, May 16, 2008
Chapter 31 Section 2 Study Guide
How did each of the following helped create or advance the women's rights movement?
1. Experiences in the Workplace: only one out of three women worked for wages in the 1950s, but by the 1960s the number had increased by 40%. At the time, though , there were "women's jobs" and "men's jobs'; women were generally nurses, social work, teaching, retail sales, etc. This was mostly ignored until President Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women showed that women working the same jobs earned far less and were rarely appointed to management positions. This made many women realize how unequal they really were in society.
2. Experiences in Social Activism: Women who were involved in Civil Rights era activism realized there, that women were treated unfairly even by groups that were meant to equalize people. In organizations such as the SNCC, men did most of the major work and planning while women were assigned lesser roles and were ignored by men when they protested this. This inspired many women to organize groups to talk about problems women faced in society...
3. "Consciousness Raising": ...in these groups, women shared their experiences with each other and were able to discover that they were not the only ones feeling unequal, and were shown that there was a frequent pattern of sexism in all of their lives.
4. Feminism: The belief that women should have economic, political and social equality to men, gained popularity in the mid-1800s and ended up with women winning the vote in 1919. After women won the vote, feminism declined, but was reawakened in the 1960 because of the political activism of the time. Inspired women to fight for their rights.
5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: A best seller in the 1960s, The Feminine Mystique expressed the feelings of many women at the time who weren't content with their roles in society and made many women more inspired to be active about it; by the end of the 1960s many women were working together to change things.
6. Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination based on gender, race, religion, or national origin. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which handled discrimination claims.
7. National Organization for Women (NOW): Many women felt that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the EEOC didn't adequately handle women's problems, and so NOW was established by activist Gloria Steinem and 28 other women. it pushed for the creation of childcare programs that would allow mothers to pursue educations and jobs, pressured the EEOC to pursue cases of gender discrimination in employment more vigorously, which prompted the EEOC to make it illegal for jobs to be sex segregated.
8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine: Steinem helped to found the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971, a group that encouraged women to seek political office. She also founded Ms. Magazine, a magazine that looked at contemporary issues from a feminist perspective.
9. Congress: Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in "any education program or activity receiving federal finance" in 1972, as a part of the Higher Education Act. It also expanded the powers of the EEOC and gave working parents tax break for child care expenses.
10. Supreme Court: In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in Roe. v. Wade that a woman had the right to an abortion in her first trimester. Many thought that this decision would cool the public debate on the topic, but it is still a controversial topic.
1. Experiences in the Workplace: only one out of three women worked for wages in the 1950s, but by the 1960s the number had increased by 40%. At the time, though , there were "women's jobs" and "men's jobs'; women were generally nurses, social work, teaching, retail sales, etc. This was mostly ignored until President Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women showed that women working the same jobs earned far less and were rarely appointed to management positions. This made many women realize how unequal they really were in society.
2. Experiences in Social Activism: Women who were involved in Civil Rights era activism realized there, that women were treated unfairly even by groups that were meant to equalize people. In organizations such as the SNCC, men did most of the major work and planning while women were assigned lesser roles and were ignored by men when they protested this. This inspired many women to organize groups to talk about problems women faced in society...
3. "Consciousness Raising": ...in these groups, women shared their experiences with each other and were able to discover that they were not the only ones feeling unequal, and were shown that there was a frequent pattern of sexism in all of their lives.
4. Feminism: The belief that women should have economic, political and social equality to men, gained popularity in the mid-1800s and ended up with women winning the vote in 1919. After women won the vote, feminism declined, but was reawakened in the 1960 because of the political activism of the time. Inspired women to fight for their rights.
5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: A best seller in the 1960s, The Feminine Mystique expressed the feelings of many women at the time who weren't content with their roles in society and made many women more inspired to be active about it; by the end of the 1960s many women were working together to change things.
6. Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination based on gender, race, religion, or national origin. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which handled discrimination claims.
7. National Organization for Women (NOW): Many women felt that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the EEOC didn't adequately handle women's problems, and so NOW was established by activist Gloria Steinem and 28 other women. it pushed for the creation of childcare programs that would allow mothers to pursue educations and jobs, pressured the EEOC to pursue cases of gender discrimination in employment more vigorously, which prompted the EEOC to make it illegal for jobs to be sex segregated.
8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine: Steinem helped to found the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971, a group that encouraged women to seek political office. She also founded Ms. Magazine, a magazine that looked at contemporary issues from a feminist perspective.
9. Congress: Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in "any education program or activity receiving federal finance" in 1972, as a part of the Higher Education Act. It also expanded the powers of the EEOC and gave working parents tax break for child care expenses.
10. Supreme Court: In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in Roe. v. Wade that a woman had the right to an abortion in her first trimester. Many thought that this decision would cool the public debate on the topic, but it is still a controversial topic.
Wednesday, May 14, 2008
Chapter 31 Section 1 Study Guide
What did Latinos campaign for?
1. Improved working conditions and better treatment for farm workers:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?: The National Farm Workers Association merged with a Filipino agricultural union to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. The union demanded to be recognized by fruit and veg companies in return for workers being employed by them. When a grape company refused these conditions,a nation wide boycott of the company's grapes was started. Farm workers were sent to supermarkets to convince them and shoppers not to buy California grapes.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The leader of the organization, Caesar Chavez met with Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and in 1970 the grape company and the union came to an agreement: union workers would be given higher wages and other benefits that they had been denied for years.
2. Education programs for Spanish-speaking students:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Puerto Rican population of New York started demanding that there be classes for Spanish-speaking children in their own language along with programs about their culture.
The Brown Berets was a group that organized walk outs in Los Angeles schools. About 15,000 students left the schools and demanded that there be more Mexican American teachers and administrators, smaller classes and programs that would help the high drop out rate in Latinos. Another Latino group won the establishment of "Chicano" (Mexican) study programs at colleges and universities.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The Bilingual Education Act was enacted by Congress in 1968, which provided funds for schools to develop bilingual and cultural programs for children that didn't speak English.
3. More political power:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Mexican American Political Association helped to get L.A. politician Edward Roybal elected to the House of Representatives. With the help of Latino political organization in the 1960s, 8 Latin Americans served in the House of Representatives, and one was elected as a senator. La Raza Unida is another political party established in the 1970s. It ran Latino candidates in 5 states and helped Latinos become mayors, parts of schools boards and city councils. Reis Tijerina lead a raid on the Rio Arriba County Courthouse in New Mexico, land that had been taken from Mexican landholders during the 1800s. The aim was to force people to recognize the plight of New Mexican farm workers, but they were later arrested.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
No laws were passed.
What did Native American groups campaign for?
4. Healthier, more secure lives of their own choosing:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Declaration of Indian Purpose was signed by representatives of 61 Native American groups. it called for the end of the "termination program" which was in effect to attempt to fix some of the problems facing native Americans, but in fact hadn't helped the Native Americans at all and was just causing problems. it was in favor of policies that created economic opportunities for Native Americans and stressed the importance of the N.A.'s to "find their own way of life".
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Lyndon Johnson established the National Council on Indian opportunity in 1968 to "ensure that programs reflect the needs and desires of the Indian people".
5. Restoration of Indian lands, burial grounds, fishing and timber rights:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
Native Americans, in order to get their land back, brought copies of old land treaties that had been broken by the U.S. to court and were able to get some of their land back. The Tao tribe of New Mexico, for example, regained possession of their sacred Blue Lake and some surrounding land. All throughout the 70s and 80s Native Americans went to court and regained their land as well as getting compensation for their losses.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Land claims by Alaskans caused the Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act of 1971, which gave more than 40 million acres of land and paid more than $962 in cash.
1. Improved working conditions and better treatment for farm workers:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?: The National Farm Workers Association merged with a Filipino agricultural union to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. The union demanded to be recognized by fruit and veg companies in return for workers being employed by them. When a grape company refused these conditions,a nation wide boycott of the company's grapes was started. Farm workers were sent to supermarkets to convince them and shoppers not to buy California grapes.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The leader of the organization, Caesar Chavez met with Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and in 1970 the grape company and the union came to an agreement: union workers would be given higher wages and other benefits that they had been denied for years.
2. Education programs for Spanish-speaking students:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Puerto Rican population of New York started demanding that there be classes for Spanish-speaking children in their own language along with programs about their culture.
The Brown Berets was a group that organized walk outs in Los Angeles schools. About 15,000 students left the schools and demanded that there be more Mexican American teachers and administrators, smaller classes and programs that would help the high drop out rate in Latinos. Another Latino group won the establishment of "Chicano" (Mexican) study programs at colleges and universities.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The Bilingual Education Act was enacted by Congress in 1968, which provided funds for schools to develop bilingual and cultural programs for children that didn't speak English.
3. More political power:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Mexican American Political Association helped to get L.A. politician Edward Roybal elected to the House of Representatives. With the help of Latino political organization in the 1960s, 8 Latin Americans served in the House of Representatives, and one was elected as a senator. La Raza Unida is another political party established in the 1970s. It ran Latino candidates in 5 states and helped Latinos become mayors, parts of schools boards and city councils. Reis Tijerina lead a raid on the Rio Arriba County Courthouse in New Mexico, land that had been taken from Mexican landholders during the 1800s. The aim was to force people to recognize the plight of New Mexican farm workers, but they were later arrested.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
No laws were passed.
What did Native American groups campaign for?
4. Healthier, more secure lives of their own choosing:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Declaration of Indian Purpose was signed by representatives of 61 Native American groups. it called for the end of the "termination program" which was in effect to attempt to fix some of the problems facing native Americans, but in fact hadn't helped the Native Americans at all and was just causing problems. it was in favor of policies that created economic opportunities for Native Americans and stressed the importance of the N.A.'s to "find their own way of life".
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Lyndon Johnson established the National Council on Indian opportunity in 1968 to "ensure that programs reflect the needs and desires of the Indian people".
5. Restoration of Indian lands, burial grounds, fishing and timber rights:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
Native Americans, in order to get their land back, brought copies of old land treaties that had been broken by the U.S. to court and were able to get some of their land back. The Tao tribe of New Mexico, for example, regained possession of their sacred Blue Lake and some surrounding land. All throughout the 70s and 80s Native Americans went to court and regained their land as well as getting compensation for their losses.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Land claims by Alaskans caused the Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act of 1971, which gave more than 40 million acres of land and paid more than $962 in cash.
Sunday, May 11, 2008
Chapter 25 Section 4 Study Guide
How did the war and its aftermath affect the following?
1. Labor: During the war, the need for laborers caused the unemployment rate to drop to 1.2% at the lowest in 1944 and the average weekly paycheck rose by 35%.
2. Agriculture: The weather for growing crops was good in the 1940s, and improvements in farm equipment and fertilizers added to this. Crop prices were rising rapidly, and crop production rose by 50% with the farm income tripling. Many farmers were able to pay off their mortgages by the end of the 40s.
3. Population Centers: During and after the war, many Americans migrated to find work in other places; California had 1 million people come in between 1941 and 1944, and towns that had factories that were producing things for the war had their populations double and sometimes triple. A great number of African Americans also left the South for northern cities in this period.
4. Family Life: Families were torn apart during the war as fathers were sent to fight overseas and mothers went to work during the day to support their families. Children were often left to daycare centers or in the care of relatives, and when the fathers came home from war the families had to get to know each other again. Many times, couples hurried to get married before their significant other was sent to the war; the number of marriage licenses went up by 300% in the early years of the war in Seattle.
5. Returning G.I.s: The Servicemen's Readjustment Act (a.k.a. the G.I. Bill of Rights) provided education and and training for men who were trying to readjust after coming home, all paid for by the government. About 7.8 million veterans (about half of all the veterans) attended colleges and technical schools because of the bill, and veterans buying homes or farms or starting businesses were given a federal loan guarantee.
How did these groups react to racism during and after the war?
6. African Americans: During the war African Americans were able to make progress towards equality, many moving north and the number of African Americans working skilled or semi-skilled jobs rising from 16% to 30%. To confront problems like discrimination and segregation, the Congress of Racial Equality was started, which combated urban segregation in the north and stages it-ins. In 1943, racial tension caused by African Americans moving into crowded cities erupted into a 3 day riot, which resulted in the death of 9 whites and 25 blacks. This forced people to see that racial tension in the U.S. was a serious problem, and by 1945 more than 400 committees dedicated to helping this problem had been established.
7. Mexican Americans: During the years of the war, there were a lot of anti-Mexican feelings, particularly in places like California where there were higher populations of Mexican Americans. In 1943 the anti-Mexican "zoot suit" (a zoot suit was a suit worn by Mexican American youths who wanted to rebel against tradition) riots broke out. The riot started when 11 sailors in Los Angeles claimed to have been attacked by Mexican Americans in zoot suits. the result was extreme violence : people barged into Mexican American neighborhoods and attacked anyone wearing zoot suits, ripping the suits off and beating them mercilessly.
8. Japanese Americans: Due to the fear resulting from Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, there was a wave of prejudice against Japanese Americans. In 1942, the War Department called for an emergency evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii. The military governor of Hawaii initially resisted this because it would screw with Hawaii's economy and would be bad for U.S. military operations there (37% of Hawaii's population was Japanese American), but was finally forced to allow the internment of 1,444 Japanese Americans. On the west coast, where 1% of the population was Japanese American, newspapers ran ugly stories attacking Japanese Americans, and stirred up prejudice in whites. In 1942 Roosevelt signed an order that required all people of Japanese ancestry in California to be removed to designated areas in Washington, Oregon and Arizona, saying it was a necessary security measure. The army then rounded up about 110,000 Japanese Americans and sent them to shoddy prison camps, which was justified as a "military necessity" by the Supreme Court in 1944's Korematsu v. United States. After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League pushed Congress to compensate these families, and the court designated the spending of $38 million as compensation, which was only a tenth of what Japanese Americans lost.
1. Labor: During the war, the need for laborers caused the unemployment rate to drop to 1.2% at the lowest in 1944 and the average weekly paycheck rose by 35%.
2. Agriculture: The weather for growing crops was good in the 1940s, and improvements in farm equipment and fertilizers added to this. Crop prices were rising rapidly, and crop production rose by 50% with the farm income tripling. Many farmers were able to pay off their mortgages by the end of the 40s.
3. Population Centers: During and after the war, many Americans migrated to find work in other places; California had 1 million people come in between 1941 and 1944, and towns that had factories that were producing things for the war had their populations double and sometimes triple. A great number of African Americans also left the South for northern cities in this period.
4. Family Life: Families were torn apart during the war as fathers were sent to fight overseas and mothers went to work during the day to support their families. Children were often left to daycare centers or in the care of relatives, and when the fathers came home from war the families had to get to know each other again. Many times, couples hurried to get married before their significant other was sent to the war; the number of marriage licenses went up by 300% in the early years of the war in Seattle.
5. Returning G.I.s: The Servicemen's Readjustment Act (a.k.a. the G.I. Bill of Rights) provided education and and training for men who were trying to readjust after coming home, all paid for by the government. About 7.8 million veterans (about half of all the veterans) attended colleges and technical schools because of the bill, and veterans buying homes or farms or starting businesses were given a federal loan guarantee.
How did these groups react to racism during and after the war?
6. African Americans: During the war African Americans were able to make progress towards equality, many moving north and the number of African Americans working skilled or semi-skilled jobs rising from 16% to 30%. To confront problems like discrimination and segregation, the Congress of Racial Equality was started, which combated urban segregation in the north and stages it-ins. In 1943, racial tension caused by African Americans moving into crowded cities erupted into a 3 day riot, which resulted in the death of 9 whites and 25 blacks. This forced people to see that racial tension in the U.S. was a serious problem, and by 1945 more than 400 committees dedicated to helping this problem had been established.
7. Mexican Americans: During the years of the war, there were a lot of anti-Mexican feelings, particularly in places like California where there were higher populations of Mexican Americans. In 1943 the anti-Mexican "zoot suit" (a zoot suit was a suit worn by Mexican American youths who wanted to rebel against tradition) riots broke out. The riot started when 11 sailors in Los Angeles claimed to have been attacked by Mexican Americans in zoot suits. the result was extreme violence : people barged into Mexican American neighborhoods and attacked anyone wearing zoot suits, ripping the suits off and beating them mercilessly.
8. Japanese Americans: Due to the fear resulting from Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, there was a wave of prejudice against Japanese Americans. In 1942, the War Department called for an emergency evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii. The military governor of Hawaii initially resisted this because it would screw with Hawaii's economy and would be bad for U.S. military operations there (37% of Hawaii's population was Japanese American), but was finally forced to allow the internment of 1,444 Japanese Americans. On the west coast, where 1% of the population was Japanese American, newspapers ran ugly stories attacking Japanese Americans, and stirred up prejudice in whites. In 1942 Roosevelt signed an order that required all people of Japanese ancestry in California to be removed to designated areas in Washington, Oregon and Arizona, saying it was a necessary security measure. The army then rounded up about 110,000 Japanese Americans and sent them to shoddy prison camps, which was justified as a "military necessity" by the Supreme Court in 1944's Korematsu v. United States. After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League pushed Congress to compensate these families, and the court designated the spending of $38 million as compensation, which was only a tenth of what Japanese Americans lost.
Saturday, May 10, 2008
Chapter 25 Section 1 Study Guide
How did each contribute to the war effort?
1) Selective Services Act: When the U.S. got involved in World War II, 5 million men had enlisted to fight in the war. This number wasn't great enough for a massive war involving the most powerful nations in the world, though, so the Selective Service System expanded the draft and because of it another 10 million men were enlisted in military services.
2) Women and Minoritites: Because so many white men were fighting in World War II, the government was forced to turn to women and minorities to fulfill the work force needs of the war. The Woman's Auxiliary Army Group was established after a bill endorsed by America's Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall, and it allowed women volunteers to serve in noncombat positions; they WAACs often served as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, etc. They were also granted full U.S. army benefits, and the "auxiliary" status of the group was dropped. Minorities also contributed greatly to the war effort. Although discrimination was prevalent in the military, 300,000 Mexican Americans, 1 million African Americans (who worked in segregated divisions and generally had noncombat roles; this was protested and the African American soldiers were allowed to fight in the last year of the war), 13,000 Chinese Americans, 33,000 Japanese Americans (who sometimes worked as spies and interpreters) and 25,000 Native Americans all volunteered and fought in the war.
3) Manufacturers: Many manufacturers stopped the production of their usual products so that they could produce things that would contribute to the war effort. Automobile factories were reequipped to produce tanks, planes and cars; a mechanical pencil factory started making bomb parts; a soft drink company started filling shells with explosives. Shipyards and defense plants also started to grow exponentially and turned out many more ships and planes than ever: 7 huge new shipyards were built by one industrialist who also built a ship called the Hull 440 which was built in 4 days.
4) A. Philip Randolph: A respected African American labor leader, he protested discrimination in the military and in war production industries by organizing a march on Washington. 100,000 African Americans were to come and march in protest that they didn't have the right to fight and world for their country. To stop the march, which Roosevelt feared would create resentment amongst whites and even result in violence, the president issued an executive order that made employers and labor unions allow blacks to work with them.
5) Office of Scientific Research and Development: The OSRD was created by President Roosevelt in 1941 in order to bring scientists into the war effort. It worked on improving radar and sonar for the detection of submarines, created pesticides such as DDT so that American soldiers would be free of body lice and other nasty creatures. It also helped develop drugs such as penicillin, which saved many wounded soldiers. Most importantly, the OSRD developed the atom bomb after Albert Einstein contacted the president and told him that German scientists had succeeded in splitting uranium atoms and could make a weapon using the immense power given off when that happened. The OSRD then went to work immediately in order to beat the Germans in creating the bomb, starting in 1942.
6) Entertainment Industry: During the war, the entertainment industry made a lot of propaganda films that were in favor of the U.S.'s ally, the Soviet Union, and depicted Nazis as horrible ; this "energized people to join the war effort". After people were sick of depressing films about the war a few years later, the industry started making lighthearted romances and musicals that would allow the audience to forget abut the war briefly.
7) Office of Price Administration: While factories were producing things for the war effort, the amount of things available for consumers to buy was very low; this increase in demand and decrease in supply guaranteed a huge rise in prices. Roosevelt responded by setting up the OPA, which froze prices on goods, stopping inflation, raised and extended the income tax, and encouraged Americans to buy war bonds with their extra money. This kept inflation below 30% (half of what it was during World War I).
8) War Production Board: Ensured that the armed forces and war industries had the necessary materials to win the war. The WPB decided which companies would become makers of materials for the war rather than what they produced in peacetime; it organized drives for tin cans, scrap iron, paper and other materials that could be of use that Americans didn't need.
9) Rationing: The OPA started a system for rationing. Homes would receive coupon books for buying meat, sugar, coffee, shoes and other items. People who worked would carpool and ride bicycles to conserve gas. This ensured that the materials that were needed for the war were available.
1) Selective Services Act: When the U.S. got involved in World War II, 5 million men had enlisted to fight in the war. This number wasn't great enough for a massive war involving the most powerful nations in the world, though, so the Selective Service System expanded the draft and because of it another 10 million men were enlisted in military services.
2) Women and Minoritites: Because so many white men were fighting in World War II, the government was forced to turn to women and minorities to fulfill the work force needs of the war. The Woman's Auxiliary Army Group was established after a bill endorsed by America's Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall, and it allowed women volunteers to serve in noncombat positions; they WAACs often served as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, etc. They were also granted full U.S. army benefits, and the "auxiliary" status of the group was dropped. Minorities also contributed greatly to the war effort. Although discrimination was prevalent in the military, 300,000 Mexican Americans, 1 million African Americans (who worked in segregated divisions and generally had noncombat roles; this was protested and the African American soldiers were allowed to fight in the last year of the war), 13,000 Chinese Americans, 33,000 Japanese Americans (who sometimes worked as spies and interpreters) and 25,000 Native Americans all volunteered and fought in the war.
3) Manufacturers: Many manufacturers stopped the production of their usual products so that they could produce things that would contribute to the war effort. Automobile factories were reequipped to produce tanks, planes and cars; a mechanical pencil factory started making bomb parts; a soft drink company started filling shells with explosives. Shipyards and defense plants also started to grow exponentially and turned out many more ships and planes than ever: 7 huge new shipyards were built by one industrialist who also built a ship called the Hull 440 which was built in 4 days.
4) A. Philip Randolph: A respected African American labor leader, he protested discrimination in the military and in war production industries by organizing a march on Washington. 100,000 African Americans were to come and march in protest that they didn't have the right to fight and world for their country. To stop the march, which Roosevelt feared would create resentment amongst whites and even result in violence, the president issued an executive order that made employers and labor unions allow blacks to work with them.
5) Office of Scientific Research and Development: The OSRD was created by President Roosevelt in 1941 in order to bring scientists into the war effort. It worked on improving radar and sonar for the detection of submarines, created pesticides such as DDT so that American soldiers would be free of body lice and other nasty creatures. It also helped develop drugs such as penicillin, which saved many wounded soldiers. Most importantly, the OSRD developed the atom bomb after Albert Einstein contacted the president and told him that German scientists had succeeded in splitting uranium atoms and could make a weapon using the immense power given off when that happened. The OSRD then went to work immediately in order to beat the Germans in creating the bomb, starting in 1942.
6) Entertainment Industry: During the war, the entertainment industry made a lot of propaganda films that were in favor of the U.S.'s ally, the Soviet Union, and depicted Nazis as horrible ; this "energized people to join the war effort". After people were sick of depressing films about the war a few years later, the industry started making lighthearted romances and musicals that would allow the audience to forget abut the war briefly.
7) Office of Price Administration: While factories were producing things for the war effort, the amount of things available for consumers to buy was very low; this increase in demand and decrease in supply guaranteed a huge rise in prices. Roosevelt responded by setting up the OPA, which froze prices on goods, stopping inflation, raised and extended the income tax, and encouraged Americans to buy war bonds with their extra money. This kept inflation below 30% (half of what it was during World War I).
8) War Production Board: Ensured that the armed forces and war industries had the necessary materials to win the war. The WPB decided which companies would become makers of materials for the war rather than what they produced in peacetime; it organized drives for tin cans, scrap iron, paper and other materials that could be of use that Americans didn't need.
9) Rationing: The OPA started a system for rationing. Homes would receive coupon books for buying meat, sugar, coffee, shoes and other items. People who worked would carpool and ride bicycles to conserve gas. This ensured that the materials that were needed for the war were available.
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
Current Events Summary
The prime minster of India Manmohan Singh has announced that the country will be investing in African development projects in order to build economic and diplomatic ties between the two countries. The first summit was held in Delhi, and it was reported that India will spend more than $500 million in contribution to projects. This would be hugely beneficial to the development of these projects in Africa, and Singh says that India will help with easier exports out of Africa's poorest countries. (BBCnews.com)
It is being reported by BBCnews.com that if the UN continues to withdraw its peacekeepers in Ethiopia and Eritrea war could break out between the feuding countries. Ethiopia and Eritrea have been unable to cooperate since their border war that went from 1998 to 2000 in which tens of thousands of people died. After the war was stopped, there were about 17000 UN troops monitoring the borders, but the number is now 164, and the remaining troops may be removed because Eritrea is refusing to supply food and fuel to the mission on the grounds that the UN is allowing Ethiopia to occupy Eritrean territory. Eritrea's ambassador Araya Desta has said that although Eritrea is not planning to attack Ethiopia, the country is prepared to fend off an invasion. "If the Ethiopians invade us, we'll be forced to defend ourselves". The UN secretary General Ban Ki-moon warns that the war could restart if UN troops are completely removed, and has also said that it will set a bad precedent if countries see that the UN can be bullied into leaving an area. (BBCnews.com)
Rising food prices caused by poor crop growing weather, increased demand and reduced production have caused riots to start in African countries such as Egypt and in others, including Haiti and the Philippines. In response to this, President George W. Bush has ordered $200 million in aid to be sent to countries experiencing food shortages. "This additional food aid will address the impact of rising commodity prices on US emergency food aid programmes and be used to meet unanticipated food aid needs in Africa and elsewhere," the White House said in a statement. The food crisis seems to be growing exponentially worse, and so the UN's World Food Program is making an appeal for $500 million as an emergency measure to prevent the starvation of thousands of people in impoverished countries. (BBCnews.com)
The U.S. has confessed to carrying out a missile strike that killed a leader of a Somali-based Islamist militant group. It was disclosed only that the target of the attack was an al-Qaeda leader in the town of Dusamareb; it was not said who the intended victim was. The missile hit the home of Aden Hashi Ayro, who is the military head of the militant group that controls most of Somalia, al-Shabab, who was killed along with another military leader of al-Shabab and at least 10 other people. "It was an attack. If we say too much then we give away platforms and things that we use," CentCom spokesman Bob Prucha said, and " "It was an attack against a known al-Qaeda target and militia leader in Somalia". (BBCnews.com)
In response to the rising threat of piracy in Somalia, France and the U.S. have introduced to the UN a "draft resolution" (co sponsored by Britain and Panama), which if passed would give the countries the right to use "all necessary means" to combat piracy of the Somalian coast. In the past year there have been 12 pirate attacks in the area, the most recent being the robbing of Spanish fishing boat and the kidnapping of its 26 crewman, who were held for a $1.2. million ransom. The passing of the resolution would allow the use of boarding, searching and seizing potential pirate ships. (BBCnews.com)
It is being reported by BBCnews.com that if the UN continues to withdraw its peacekeepers in Ethiopia and Eritrea war could break out between the feuding countries. Ethiopia and Eritrea have been unable to cooperate since their border war that went from 1998 to 2000 in which tens of thousands of people died. After the war was stopped, there were about 17000 UN troops monitoring the borders, but the number is now 164, and the remaining troops may be removed because Eritrea is refusing to supply food and fuel to the mission on the grounds that the UN is allowing Ethiopia to occupy Eritrean territory. Eritrea's ambassador Araya Desta has said that although Eritrea is not planning to attack Ethiopia, the country is prepared to fend off an invasion. "If the Ethiopians invade us, we'll be forced to defend ourselves". The UN secretary General Ban Ki-moon warns that the war could restart if UN troops are completely removed, and has also said that it will set a bad precedent if countries see that the UN can be bullied into leaving an area. (BBCnews.com)
Rising food prices caused by poor crop growing weather, increased demand and reduced production have caused riots to start in African countries such as Egypt and in others, including Haiti and the Philippines. In response to this, President George W. Bush has ordered $200 million in aid to be sent to countries experiencing food shortages. "This additional food aid will address the impact of rising commodity prices on US emergency food aid programmes and be used to meet unanticipated food aid needs in Africa and elsewhere," the White House said in a statement. The food crisis seems to be growing exponentially worse, and so the UN's World Food Program is making an appeal for $500 million as an emergency measure to prevent the starvation of thousands of people in impoverished countries. (BBCnews.com)
The U.S. has confessed to carrying out a missile strike that killed a leader of a Somali-based Islamist militant group. It was disclosed only that the target of the attack was an al-Qaeda leader in the town of Dusamareb; it was not said who the intended victim was. The missile hit the home of Aden Hashi Ayro, who is the military head of the militant group that controls most of Somalia, al-Shabab, who was killed along with another military leader of al-Shabab and at least 10 other people. "It was an attack. If we say too much then we give away platforms and things that we use," CentCom spokesman Bob Prucha said, and " "It was an attack against a known al-Qaeda target and militia leader in Somalia". (BBCnews.com)
In response to the rising threat of piracy in Somalia, France and the U.S. have introduced to the UN a "draft resolution" (co sponsored by Britain and Panama), which if passed would give the countries the right to use "all necessary means" to combat piracy of the Somalian coast. In the past year there have been 12 pirate attacks in the area, the most recent being the robbing of Spanish fishing boat and the kidnapping of its 26 crewman, who were held for a $1.2. million ransom. The passing of the resolution would allow the use of boarding, searching and seizing potential pirate ships. (BBCnews.com)
Monday, May 5, 2008
Chapter 29 Homework (Section 1 worksheet C)
1. West Virginia, Missouri, Delaware, Maryland, Arkansas and Texas all started desegregating schools the year of the Brown v. Board decision.
2. Desegregation didn't start until the 1960s in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina.
3. Generally, schools that started desegregation earlier were more integrated by 1964; for example, in Kentucky and Virginia the schools had more than 60% of African American students attending integrated schoolsby 1964, whereas Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina all had less than 1% of African American students in integrated schools. The "glaring exception" to that trend is Arkansas, which started integration in 1954 when the Brown decision was passed but had less than 1% of African American students in desegregated schools.
4. 30 to 60% of African American students were in integrated schools by 1964 in Maryland, Delaware, Oklahoma and Missouri.
5. The number of African American students attending public schools was less than the region's average (11%) in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia.
6. Of the states mentioned in question 5, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina were the furthest below the average (all were less than 1% integrated).
7. All of these states are in the deep South, were civil rights met the most resistance. It makes sense that this would be where the schools were the least integrated. People from those regions were generally vehemently against desegregation.
2. Desegregation didn't start until the 1960s in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina.
3. Generally, schools that started desegregation earlier were more integrated by 1964; for example, in Kentucky and Virginia the schools had more than 60% of African American students attending integrated schoolsby 1964, whereas Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina all had less than 1% of African American students in integrated schools. The "glaring exception" to that trend is Arkansas, which started integration in 1954 when the Brown decision was passed but had less than 1% of African American students in desegregated schools.
4. 30 to 60% of African American students were in integrated schools by 1964 in Maryland, Delaware, Oklahoma and Missouri.
5. The number of African American students attending public schools was less than the region's average (11%) in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia.
6. Of the states mentioned in question 5, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina were the furthest below the average (all were less than 1% integrated).
7. All of these states are in the deep South, were civil rights met the most resistance. It makes sense that this would be where the schools were the least integrated. People from those regions were generally vehemently against desegregation.
Sunday, May 4, 2008
Chapter 29 Section 1 Study Guide
1. What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do? It outlawed segregation in public facilities on the grounds that everybody should be able to receive and enjoy the full accommodations of public facilities and "places of amusement". This act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883, and so was not upheld.
2. How did the court rule in Plessy? The court ruled that the "separate but equal" policy of Louisiana train stations did not violate the 14th amendment to the constitution.
3. In what way did World War II set the stage for the modern civil rights movement?
a. The labor shortage caused by young white men going to the war created an opportunity for African Americans and other minorities to do the jobs that needed doing that white men could only do before.
b. So many soldiers were needed for the war effort that the army was forced to drop its discriminatory policies and allow African Americans to fight as soldiers.
c. Many civil rights groups campaigned for African American voting rights during the war. President Roosevelt outlawed racial discrimination by federal agencies and all companies involved with war work.
4. Who argued Brown's case? Thurgood Marshall.
5. What did the Brown ruling declare? It declared that segregation in schools was in violation of the 14th amendment and should be made illegal.
6. What organization was formed in support of Rosa Parks? The Montgomery Improvement Association.
7. What did it do? It organized a bus boycott in response to the whole Rosa Parks fandango.
8. How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis? He put the Arkansas national guard under federal control and then ordered 1,000 paratroopers into Little Rock to accompany the students to school.
9. Who was the president of the SCLC? Martin Luther King, Jr.
10. What was SCLC's purpose? To "carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship".
11. What did SNCC accomplish and how? The SNCC organized a "sit-ins", a kind of nonviolent protest in which African American students would sit at white eating tables in restaurants. Other groups followed suit and many restaurants were either desegregated or forced to call the police.
2. How did the court rule in Plessy? The court ruled that the "separate but equal" policy of Louisiana train stations did not violate the 14th amendment to the constitution.
3. In what way did World War II set the stage for the modern civil rights movement?
a. The labor shortage caused by young white men going to the war created an opportunity for African Americans and other minorities to do the jobs that needed doing that white men could only do before.
b. So many soldiers were needed for the war effort that the army was forced to drop its discriminatory policies and allow African Americans to fight as soldiers.
c. Many civil rights groups campaigned for African American voting rights during the war. President Roosevelt outlawed racial discrimination by federal agencies and all companies involved with war work.
4. Who argued Brown's case? Thurgood Marshall.
5. What did the Brown ruling declare? It declared that segregation in schools was in violation of the 14th amendment and should be made illegal.
6. What organization was formed in support of Rosa Parks? The Montgomery Improvement Association.
7. What did it do? It organized a bus boycott in response to the whole Rosa Parks fandango.
8. How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis? He put the Arkansas national guard under federal control and then ordered 1,000 paratroopers into Little Rock to accompany the students to school.
9. Who was the president of the SCLC? Martin Luther King, Jr.
10. What was SCLC's purpose? To "carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship".
11. What did SNCC accomplish and how? The SNCC organized a "sit-ins", a kind of nonviolent protest in which African American students would sit at white eating tables in restaurants. Other groups followed suit and many restaurants were either desegregated or forced to call the police.
Friday, April 4, 2008
Current Events Bookmarks for April 5, 2008
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/south_of_scotland/7329740.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7330119.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7330119.stm
Wednesday, April 2, 2008
Chapter 26 HW
Chapter 26 Section 2 Study Guide:
1) Which side did the U.S. support, and why?
China's Civil War: The U.S. supported the nationalist Chiang Kai-shek. The opposing side of the conflict was mao Zedong and the Communist Party, who Americans would never support. According to the Truman Doctrine, the U.S. had to help the nationalist Chinese, who were resisting Communist takeover; it also went with the U.S.'s policy of containment. The American people also liked Chiang Kai-shek's courage in resisting Japan during World War II (although I don't think this matters much, but it's what the textbook says...)
Korea's Civil War: The U.S. supported South Korea in the Korean War. The U.S. had kept a few troops in South Korea after the Japanese troops occupying it surrendered to the U.S., and when the U.S. had only about 500 troops occupying the area, the Communists of North Korea attacked the 38th Parallel (the border between North and South Korea). The U.S. supported South Korea for the same reasons it supported Nationalist China: the Truman Doctrine, containment and America's intense fear of communists.
2) What did the U.S. do to affect the outcome of the war?
Chinese Civil War: The U.S. initially tried to negotiate between the nationalists and communists for peace, but when that failed, the U.S. sent $2 billion dollars in aid to the nationalists in military supplies and equipment.
Korean Civil War: Having learned its lesson after its failure to provide adequate aid to China's nationalists resulted in China becoming a Communist country, The U.S. sent troops to aid South Korea. 520,000 troops from a total of 16 countries were sent to S.K. (over 90% of them being American) to help the 590,000 South Korean troops, placed under the control of General Douglas MacArthur.
3) What was the outcome of the war?
Chinese Civil War: The corruption and poor military leadership lead the peasants of China to support the Communist Party, and Chiang and his government fled to Taiwan in May 1949. This left the Communists in control of China's mainland
Korean Civil War: The U.S. recaptured South Korea and proceeded to fight until the Soviet Union suggested a truce in June 1951, and a year later negotiations were settled and the war was over. The boundary line was the 38th Parallel as before the war, and though Communism was contained, Korea was still divided.
4) How did the American public react to that outcome, and why?
Chinese Civil War: The U.S.'s government refused to recognize Communism as China's government. The people were shocked that containment had failed and that China was Communist. Congress turned on the Truman administration, saying that it didn't provide enough aid to Chiang. Conservative congressmen then started to say that the U.S. gov't. was infiltrated by communists, making America's fear of communism even more extreme.
Korean Civil War: The U.S. was shocked that we they couldn't take a nation as small as North Korea only 5 years after World War II. The war was also very expensive, costing $67 billion and losing 54,000 Americans, and was viewed as unsuccessful (although by the standards of containment it was a success) because things were just as they were before the war. This failure lead the U.S. to elect the Republican administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower (Truman was a democrat). Finally, the war increased fear of communism and started the "witch hunts" for Communists in America.
Mao Zedong: Mao Zedong was the Communist leader who made China a Communist country after his side won the Chinese Civil War.
Chiang Kai-shek: Chiang Kai-shek was the corrupt leader of the nationalist party that lost to the Communists in the Chinese Civil War.
Taiwan: After his defeat, Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan in 1949 with the remains of his government.
38th Parallel: The dividing line between the Communist North Korea and the democratic South Korea.
1) Which side did the U.S. support, and why?
China's Civil War: The U.S. supported the nationalist Chiang Kai-shek. The opposing side of the conflict was mao Zedong and the Communist Party, who Americans would never support. According to the Truman Doctrine, the U.S. had to help the nationalist Chinese, who were resisting Communist takeover; it also went with the U.S.'s policy of containment. The American people also liked Chiang Kai-shek's courage in resisting Japan during World War II (although I don't think this matters much, but it's what the textbook says...)
Korea's Civil War: The U.S. supported South Korea in the Korean War. The U.S. had kept a few troops in South Korea after the Japanese troops occupying it surrendered to the U.S., and when the U.S. had only about 500 troops occupying the area, the Communists of North Korea attacked the 38th Parallel (the border between North and South Korea). The U.S. supported South Korea for the same reasons it supported Nationalist China: the Truman Doctrine, containment and America's intense fear of communists.
2) What did the U.S. do to affect the outcome of the war?
Chinese Civil War: The U.S. initially tried to negotiate between the nationalists and communists for peace, but when that failed, the U.S. sent $2 billion dollars in aid to the nationalists in military supplies and equipment.
Korean Civil War: Having learned its lesson after its failure to provide adequate aid to China's nationalists resulted in China becoming a Communist country, The U.S. sent troops to aid South Korea. 520,000 troops from a total of 16 countries were sent to S.K. (over 90% of them being American) to help the 590,000 South Korean troops, placed under the control of General Douglas MacArthur.
3) What was the outcome of the war?
Chinese Civil War: The corruption and poor military leadership lead the peasants of China to support the Communist Party, and Chiang and his government fled to Taiwan in May 1949. This left the Communists in control of China's mainland
Korean Civil War: The U.S. recaptured South Korea and proceeded to fight until the Soviet Union suggested a truce in June 1951, and a year later negotiations were settled and the war was over. The boundary line was the 38th Parallel as before the war, and though Communism was contained, Korea was still divided.
4) How did the American public react to that outcome, and why?
Chinese Civil War: The U.S.'s government refused to recognize Communism as China's government. The people were shocked that containment had failed and that China was Communist. Congress turned on the Truman administration, saying that it didn't provide enough aid to Chiang. Conservative congressmen then started to say that the U.S. gov't. was infiltrated by communists, making America's fear of communism even more extreme.
Korean Civil War: The U.S. was shocked that we they couldn't take a nation as small as North Korea only 5 years after World War II. The war was also very expensive, costing $67 billion and losing 54,000 Americans, and was viewed as unsuccessful (although by the standards of containment it was a success) because things were just as they were before the war. This failure lead the U.S. to elect the Republican administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower (Truman was a democrat). Finally, the war increased fear of communism and started the "witch hunts" for Communists in America.
Mao Zedong: Mao Zedong was the Communist leader who made China a Communist country after his side won the Chinese Civil War.
Chiang Kai-shek: Chiang Kai-shek was the corrupt leader of the nationalist party that lost to the Communists in the Chinese Civil War.
Taiwan: After his defeat, Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan in 1949 with the remains of his government.
38th Parallel: The dividing line between the Communist North Korea and the democratic South Korea.
Friday, March 28, 2008
Friday, March 21, 2008
Current Events
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7306644.stm
http://allafrica.com/stories/200803210764.html
http://allafrica.com/stories/200803210764.html
Friday, March 14, 2008
Current Events
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7297142.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7295998.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7295998.stm
Monday, March 10, 2008
Current Events Summary # I forget
In Nigeria, a German man was released after being kidnapped by unidentified gunmen. Not much is known about what happened, except that the construction company he worked for did not pay a fine, and he was held for under 12 hours due to the quick work of Nigerian security services.
(msnbc.com)
Israel is starting to enforce its laws regarding immigrants coming illegally through their border from the northernmost half of Africa much more severely, and police are currently holding 200 immigrants in Tel Aviv, mainly from Sudan and surrounding areas. Although Israel granted temporary citizenship to 600 Darfur refugees this fall, but estimates that there are about 100,000 illegal workers in Israel, and has decided to do something about it. Recently 2 immigrants were shot and killed trying to cross the border, and two others were wounded. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert also told the Israeli police to deport thousands of African immigrants, and ordered that security around the Egyptian border, where the African immigrants come through, be tightened.
(bbcnews.com)
France has recently been negotiating deals with African countries, including some of its former colonies, regarding power and military assistance. French President Nicolas Sarozky, in a speech, discussed immigration issues, stated that there needed to be a "new partnership" is needed to help Africa, and said that Africa was to have at least one seat on the UN Security Council, saying that France would refuse to discuss major world affairs without an important African country being involved in the future. France and the Central African Republic, Gabon, Senegal and the Ivory Coast now will continue their agreements for direct military assistance in the face of a crisis, but that France will withdraw a bit because Africa has to be responsible for its own defence. Another example of the kind of deals being made: a French firm is supposed to build a coal power plant in South Africa, where there has been a shortage of fuel and energy.
(bbcnews.com)
Mauritanian police have made arrests in the attacking of the Israeli embassy in Nouakchott (Mauritania's capitol). 7 Algerians were arrested separately, apparently all of them having stolen cars and firearms. Although no Israelis were hurt, 3 French citizens were injured, causing the French organizers of the Lisbon-Dakar Rally to cancel it.
(bbcnews.com)
George W. Bush has been trying, prior to his tour of Africa, to explain why he has not yet sent assistance to Darfur. He said that the decision to not intervene was made because the U.S. does not want to force itself upon the situation.
The article also has a link to an interview with Bush: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7245002.stm
President George W. Bush began his first "Presidential Tour of Africa" since 2003. Issues of HIV/AIDS assistance, military assistance, democratic reform and economic help were raised. He started his 6 day tour in the West African country of Benin, meeting with its president, Thomas Boni Yayi. One of his first pledges was to renew U.S. funding for mosquito nets to help prevent malaria. After visiting Benin, Bush spoke about immediately taking action to stop the genocide in Darfur, despite saying earlier that he did not want to send American troops to another Muslim country. He also asked that the amount the U.S. spends on foreign AIDS relief ($15 b. since 2003) be doubled.
(bbcnews.com)
(msnbc.com)
Israel is starting to enforce its laws regarding immigrants coming illegally through their border from the northernmost half of Africa much more severely, and police are currently holding 200 immigrants in Tel Aviv, mainly from Sudan and surrounding areas. Although Israel granted temporary citizenship to 600 Darfur refugees this fall, but estimates that there are about 100,000 illegal workers in Israel, and has decided to do something about it. Recently 2 immigrants were shot and killed trying to cross the border, and two others were wounded. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert also told the Israeli police to deport thousands of African immigrants, and ordered that security around the Egyptian border, where the African immigrants come through, be tightened.
(bbcnews.com)
France has recently been negotiating deals with African countries, including some of its former colonies, regarding power and military assistance. French President Nicolas Sarozky, in a speech, discussed immigration issues, stated that there needed to be a "new partnership" is needed to help Africa, and said that Africa was to have at least one seat on the UN Security Council, saying that France would refuse to discuss major world affairs without an important African country being involved in the future. France and the Central African Republic, Gabon, Senegal and the Ivory Coast now will continue their agreements for direct military assistance in the face of a crisis, but that France will withdraw a bit because Africa has to be responsible for its own defence. Another example of the kind of deals being made: a French firm is supposed to build a coal power plant in South Africa, where there has been a shortage of fuel and energy.
(bbcnews.com)
Mauritanian police have made arrests in the attacking of the Israeli embassy in Nouakchott (Mauritania's capitol). 7 Algerians were arrested separately, apparently all of them having stolen cars and firearms. Although no Israelis were hurt, 3 French citizens were injured, causing the French organizers of the Lisbon-Dakar Rally to cancel it.
(bbcnews.com)
George W. Bush has been trying, prior to his tour of Africa, to explain why he has not yet sent assistance to Darfur. He said that the decision to not intervene was made because the U.S. does not want to force itself upon the situation.
The article also has a link to an interview with Bush: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7245002.stm
President George W. Bush began his first "Presidential Tour of Africa" since 2003. Issues of HIV/AIDS assistance, military assistance, democratic reform and economic help were raised. He started his 6 day tour in the West African country of Benin, meeting with its president, Thomas Boni Yayi. One of his first pledges was to renew U.S. funding for mosquito nets to help prevent malaria. After visiting Benin, Bush spoke about immediately taking action to stop the genocide in Darfur, despite saying earlier that he did not want to send American troops to another Muslim country. He also asked that the amount the U.S. spends on foreign AIDS relief ($15 b. since 2003) be doubled.
(bbcnews.com)
These are the two current events stories I had picked out for last week. My computer has unfortunately been refusing to let me get onto the internet at home, so found the stories at school and emailed them for myself. My internet was down all weekend, which is why I had none of last week's homework up. My delicious disappeared, so here are the links to the stories:
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23477104/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7270635.stm
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23477104/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7270635.stm
Monday, March 3, 2008
History Project #2
I am going to do theme #3, "Evaluate influence of economic, political, religious, and cultural ideas as human societies move beyond regional, national, or geographic boundaries". I'm using standard USII.33, ("Analyze the course and consequences of America’s recent diplomatic initiatives"), USII.19 ("Analyze the sources of Cold War conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union"), USII.20 ("Explain the causes, course, and consequences of the Vietnam War and summarize the diplomatic and military policies of Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon") ( and USII.15 ("Analyze how German aggression in Europe and Japanese aggression in Asia contributed to the start of World War II and summarize the major battles and events of the war").
Friday, February 8, 2008
Current Events Summary
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has signed a peace agreement with a government representative, rebel groups, the UN and the U.S. and European Union in order to end the fighting that has been going on for years there and in which 800,000 people have been displaced. The Secretary General of the UN has said that the signing of this treaty is important for the continued support of the UN. Rebel troops will be withdrawing, and other troops from the Congo will be taking their place under the command of the UN to help keep the peace. The treaty, however, did not address one of the main reasons for war in the DR Congo: its natural resources and great wealth (groups have fought for control of the area due to its vast amounts of gold, diamonds and timber). If this issue is not dealt with, it is unlikely that the fighting will come to a real stop.
(bbcnews.com)
The US and the UK have told Kenya that they will withdraw their aid if the crisis that had gripped the country since the presidential election. Since the election, there has been widespread violence in Kenya, and Britain has donated $2 million to helping to fix it, but is not going to go through with its full program to assist the country immediately, and will instead observe what happens in the future before the decide what to do. The European Union may also cut its donor aid; the European Parliament has voted to cut aid to the country. The EU has told the president of the country that unless they try to start settling the problem, aid will be cut for certain. This is a huge problem for the country, which depends upon outside aid for HIV/AIDS prevention, health care, and education. It receives billions of dollars from other countries and private funding. The UK alone has given $330 million since 2001 and was supposed to give $100 million this year. The threat of the withdrawal of aid could hurt Kenya very badly if it actually happens.
(bbcnews.com)
Mauritanian police have announced that there have been arrests made related to the attacks on the Israeli embassy in Nouakchott (Mauritania's capital). At least 7 suspects have been arrested, including an Algerian. An Algerian al Quaeda group has come forth to say that they were responsible for the attack. No further news on what Mauritanian authorities plan to do.
(bbcnews.com)
The President of Chad has announced that he would be willing to pardon the 6 French aid workers convicted on kidnapping charges if the French government requested. The workers were originally supposed to serve the equivalent of their sentences (8 years hard labor in a Chadian prison camp) in France, but France is now assisting Chad in fighting a rebel group (France has about 1,400 troops in Chad right now, and Paris "provided vital information in the face of a week-long assault" on the capitol, according to the President of Chad). The French government sent a pardon request soon after the statement was released.
(bbcnews.com)
(bbcnews.com)
The US and the UK have told Kenya that they will withdraw their aid if the crisis that had gripped the country since the presidential election. Since the election, there has been widespread violence in Kenya, and Britain has donated $2 million to helping to fix it, but is not going to go through with its full program to assist the country immediately, and will instead observe what happens in the future before the decide what to do. The European Union may also cut its donor aid; the European Parliament has voted to cut aid to the country. The EU has told the president of the country that unless they try to start settling the problem, aid will be cut for certain. This is a huge problem for the country, which depends upon outside aid for HIV/AIDS prevention, health care, and education. It receives billions of dollars from other countries and private funding. The UK alone has given $330 million since 2001 and was supposed to give $100 million this year. The threat of the withdrawal of aid could hurt Kenya very badly if it actually happens.
(bbcnews.com)
Mauritanian police have announced that there have been arrests made related to the attacks on the Israeli embassy in Nouakchott (Mauritania's capital). At least 7 suspects have been arrested, including an Algerian. An Algerian al Quaeda group has come forth to say that they were responsible for the attack. No further news on what Mauritanian authorities plan to do.
(bbcnews.com)
The President of Chad has announced that he would be willing to pardon the 6 French aid workers convicted on kidnapping charges if the French government requested. The workers were originally supposed to serve the equivalent of their sentences (8 years hard labor in a Chadian prison camp) in France, but France is now assisting Chad in fighting a rebel group (France has about 1,400 troops in Chad right now, and Paris "provided vital information in the face of a week-long assault" on the capitol, according to the President of Chad). The French government sent a pardon request soon after the statement was released.
(bbcnews.com)
Third Draft of Project
Link to notebook: http://www.google.com/notebook/public/04767565420953375744/BDQZ-SwoQn5_jjfoi
Link to Civil Rights Map: http://maps.google.com/maps?tab=ml
I plan to add many more points to the map and elaborate on the points I have already set up. I thought that it would be helpful to have a map of the Civil Rights Movement so thata viewer could see where most of the struggles occurred.
Link to Civil Rights Map: http://maps.google.com/maps?tab=ml
I plan to add many more points to the map and elaborate on the points I have already set up. I thought that it would be helpful to have a map of the Civil Rights Movement so thata viewer could see where most of the struggles occurred.
Tuesday, January 29, 2008
Histury Project
Here is a link to my big project:
http://www.google.com/notebook/#b=BDQZ-SwoQn5_jjfoi
http://www.google.com/notebook/#b=BDQZ-SwoQn5_jjfoi
Sunday, January 13, 2008
Chapter 29 Section 2 Guided Reading
1) What was the goal of the freedom riders? The goal of the freedom riders was to test the Supreme Court decision banning segregated seating in bus terminals by riding the buses across the South in hopes of getting a violent reaction out of whites in order to convince the Kennedy administration to enforce the law.
2) What was the Kennedy Administration's response? President Kennedy arranged to give the freedom riders direct support, sending 400 U.S. marshals to protect the riders. The ICC and the attorney general also banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities.
3) What was the goal of the march on Washington? They demanded the immediate passage of a civil rights bill that guaranteed equal access to all public accommodations and ave the attorney general the right to file desegregation suits in schools.
4) Who attended the march? Martin Luther King, Jr. and 250,000 people, including 75,000 whites.
5) What was the goal of the Freedom Summer project? To get national publicity which would influence Congress to pass a voting rights act.
6) Who volunteered for the project? Mostly white College students 1/3 of whom were female, volunteered and were trained in nonviolent resistance.
7) What did the role of the violence shown on television play in the march from Selma to Montgomery? The violence horrified viewers and caused hundreds of protesters to come to Selma, and caused President Lyndon Johnson to present a voting rights act to Congress. The march continued with federal protection and there were 25,000 marchers.
8) What did the march encourage President Johnson to do? He presented a new voting rights act to Congress and asked for it to be passed quickly.
9) What did the Voting Rights Act outlaw? It outlawed the literary tests that had disqualified many voters, and stated that federal examiners could enroll voters who had been denied the right to vote by local officials.
10) What did the law accomplish? It caused many more African Americans to become registered voters; for example, the number of African Americans registered to vote in Selma rose from 10% to 60%, and the number of registered African American voters in the South tripled.
2) What was the Kennedy Administration's response? President Kennedy arranged to give the freedom riders direct support, sending 400 U.S. marshals to protect the riders. The ICC and the attorney general also banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities.
3) What was the goal of the march on Washington? They demanded the immediate passage of a civil rights bill that guaranteed equal access to all public accommodations and ave the attorney general the right to file desegregation suits in schools.
4) Who attended the march? Martin Luther King, Jr. and 250,000 people, including 75,000 whites.
5) What was the goal of the Freedom Summer project? To get national publicity which would influence Congress to pass a voting rights act.
6) Who volunteered for the project? Mostly white College students 1/3 of whom were female, volunteered and were trained in nonviolent resistance.
7) What did the role of the violence shown on television play in the march from Selma to Montgomery? The violence horrified viewers and caused hundreds of protesters to come to Selma, and caused President Lyndon Johnson to present a voting rights act to Congress. The march continued with federal protection and there were 25,000 marchers.
8) What did the march encourage President Johnson to do? He presented a new voting rights act to Congress and asked for it to be passed quickly.
9) What did the Voting Rights Act outlaw? It outlawed the literary tests that had disqualified many voters, and stated that federal examiners could enroll voters who had been denied the right to vote by local officials.
10) What did the law accomplish? It caused many more African Americans to become registered voters; for example, the number of African Americans registered to vote in Selma rose from 10% to 60%, and the number of registered African American voters in the South tripled.
Chapter 31 Section 2 Guided Reading
A) How did each of the following create or advance the women's rights movement?
1) Experiences in the workplace: Between 1950 and 1960, the number of women working for wages increased by 40%, but they were paid far less, and this was mostly ignored. President Kennedy appointed the presidential Commission on the Status of Women , which reported that women were paid far less than men on the same jobs, they were rarely appointed to managerial positions, regardless of education, experience, and ability. This showed women just how unequal they were to men in society.
2) Experiences in social activism: In many anti-war and civil rights groups, men were in charge of the activities, and women were given smaller roles, and were ignored by men when they protested this.
3) "Consciousness raising": Women got together to discuss their concerns such as the one mentioned in the above question. They talked about their lives together and discovered that many women had the same problems such as issues with sexism and gender discrimination.
4) Feminism: The belief that women should be economically, socially, and politically equal to men. It became popular in the 1960s.
5) Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: A book that captured many of the reasons that women were dissatisfied with their lives, and helped to make women motivated to work together to improve their situation.
6) Civil Rights Act of 1964: Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to handle discrimination claims.
7) National Organization for Women (NOW): Pushed for the creation of child-care facilities that would allow mothers to get jobs and education, pressured the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to more thoroughly enforce the ban on gender discrimination when hiring. Caused the EEOC to declare sex-segregation job ads illegal and made it so that employers could not refuse to hire women for traditionally male jobs.
8) Gloria Steinem and Ms. magazine: Helped to found the National Women's Political Caucus. Created the magazine Ms. which treated contemporary issues from the feminist perspective.
9) Congress: Passed a ban on gender discrimination in any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. This resulted in several all-male colleges becoming open to women. Congress also expanded the powers of the EEOC and gave working parents a tax break for child care expenses.
10) Supreme Court: Ruled in Roe v. Wade that women had the right to have an abortion during the first 3 months of pregnancy.
B) The Equal Rights Amendment would have guaranteed equal rights under the law, regardless of gender. Who opposed this? Why?
Who? Conservative religious groups, political organizations, anti-feminists and conservative Phyllis Schlafly.
Why? They felt that the passage of the ERA would lead to the drafting of women, the end of laws protecting homemakers, the end of the husband's responsibility to provide for his family, and same sex marriage.
1) Experiences in the workplace: Between 1950 and 1960, the number of women working for wages increased by 40%, but they were paid far less, and this was mostly ignored. President Kennedy appointed the presidential Commission on the Status of Women , which reported that women were paid far less than men on the same jobs, they were rarely appointed to managerial positions, regardless of education, experience, and ability. This showed women just how unequal they were to men in society.
2) Experiences in social activism: In many anti-war and civil rights groups, men were in charge of the activities, and women were given smaller roles, and were ignored by men when they protested this.
3) "Consciousness raising": Women got together to discuss their concerns such as the one mentioned in the above question. They talked about their lives together and discovered that many women had the same problems such as issues with sexism and gender discrimination.
4) Feminism: The belief that women should be economically, socially, and politically equal to men. It became popular in the 1960s.
5) Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: A book that captured many of the reasons that women were dissatisfied with their lives, and helped to make women motivated to work together to improve their situation.
6) Civil Rights Act of 1964: Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to handle discrimination claims.
7) National Organization for Women (NOW): Pushed for the creation of child-care facilities that would allow mothers to get jobs and education, pressured the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to more thoroughly enforce the ban on gender discrimination when hiring. Caused the EEOC to declare sex-segregation job ads illegal and made it so that employers could not refuse to hire women for traditionally male jobs.
8) Gloria Steinem and Ms. magazine: Helped to found the National Women's Political Caucus. Created the magazine Ms. which treated contemporary issues from the feminist perspective.
9) Congress: Passed a ban on gender discrimination in any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. This resulted in several all-male colleges becoming open to women. Congress also expanded the powers of the EEOC and gave working parents a tax break for child care expenses.
10) Supreme Court: Ruled in Roe v. Wade that women had the right to have an abortion during the first 3 months of pregnancy.
B) The Equal Rights Amendment would have guaranteed equal rights under the law, regardless of gender. Who opposed this? Why?
Who? Conservative religious groups, political organizations, anti-feminists and conservative Phyllis Schlafly.
Why? They felt that the passage of the ERA would lead to the drafting of women, the end of laws protecting homemakers, the end of the husband's responsibility to provide for his family, and same sex marriage.
Chapter 29 Section 1 Guided Reading
1) What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do? It outlawed segregation in public facilities. it said 'all persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement." It was declared unconstitutional in 1883.
2) How did the court rule in Plessy? It ruled that the laws being set by Louisiana that required that there be "equal but separate" facilities in railroads did not violate the 14th Amendment.
3) In what 3 ways did WWII help set the stage for the civil rights movement?
a. The soldiers that were needed for battle created large amount of jobs that were filled by African Americans, Latinos and women.
b. So many soldiers were needed that the armed forces had to abandon their discrimination policies, and nearly 1 million African Americans served.
c. Civil rights groups campaigned for African American voting rights and the ending of "Jim Crow" laws during the war, in response to which FDR issued an order prohibiting racial discrimination by federal agencies.
4) Who argued Brown's case? Brown's case was argued by Thurgood Marshall, and African American lawyer.
5) What did the Brown ruling declare? It declared that segregation in schools was unconstitutional and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
6) What organization was started to support Rosa Parks? The Montgomery Improvement Association.
7) What did it do? It organized the bus boycott that followed Parks' arrest.
8) How did President Eisenhower respond to the crisis in Little Rock? He put the Arkansas national guard under federal control and ordered 1000 men into Little Rock. The students attended their classes under the watch of soldiers.
9) Who was the president of the SCLC? Martin Luther King.
10) What was the SCLC's purpose? It nonviolently combated segregation and "second-class citizenship."
11)What did the SNCC accomplish, and how? The SNCC helped to raise awareness about their cause and started to convince people that African Americans deserved equal treatment by protesting. They staged a number of "sit-ins" in which they sat down at whites-only lunch counters, and picketed outside of chain stores that had segregated lunch counters.
2) How did the court rule in Plessy? It ruled that the laws being set by Louisiana that required that there be "equal but separate" facilities in railroads did not violate the 14th Amendment.
3) In what 3 ways did WWII help set the stage for the civil rights movement?
a. The soldiers that were needed for battle created large amount of jobs that were filled by African Americans, Latinos and women.
b. So many soldiers were needed that the armed forces had to abandon their discrimination policies, and nearly 1 million African Americans served.
c. Civil rights groups campaigned for African American voting rights and the ending of "Jim Crow" laws during the war, in response to which FDR issued an order prohibiting racial discrimination by federal agencies.
4) Who argued Brown's case? Brown's case was argued by Thurgood Marshall, and African American lawyer.
5) What did the Brown ruling declare? It declared that segregation in schools was unconstitutional and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
6) What organization was started to support Rosa Parks? The Montgomery Improvement Association.
7) What did it do? It organized the bus boycott that followed Parks' arrest.
8) How did President Eisenhower respond to the crisis in Little Rock? He put the Arkansas national guard under federal control and ordered 1000 men into Little Rock. The students attended their classes under the watch of soldiers.
9) Who was the president of the SCLC? Martin Luther King.
10) What was the SCLC's purpose? It nonviolently combated segregation and "second-class citizenship."
11)What did the SNCC accomplish, and how? The SNCC helped to raise awareness about their cause and started to convince people that African Americans deserved equal treatment by protesting. They staged a number of "sit-ins" in which they sat down at whites-only lunch counters, and picketed outside of chain stores that had segregated lunch counters.
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