Note the individuals, groups and institutions that fueled the conservative movement. Then identify issues the New Right emphasized as well as the interests it promoted.
A.
1) Individuals: "Conservative intellectuals" argued in favor of conservatism in newspapers such as The Wall Street Journal and magazines such as The National Review, which was founded by the conservative William F. Buckley, Jr in 1955 (p. 1037). Influential televangelists Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson preached conservative views on TV and the radio. Falwell formed the organization The Moral Majority, which was a group for evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally and condemned liberal beliefs as "wrong" and their own beliefs as "right" (p. 1037-38). Conservative Ronald Reagan and his running mate George h.W. Bush were elected as president and vice-president in 1980. His beliefs were all things that conservatives were concerned about: the Roe v. Wade decision, pornography, the teaching of evolution in schools and prayer in schools, which had been banned by the Supreme Court in 1962.
2) Groups and Institutions: The conservative coalition was a number of conservative groups that came together in an alliance for "business leaders, middle-class voters, disaffected Democrats and fundamentalist Christian groups" (p. 1037). Other conservative groups such as the American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation were founded to create conservative policies that would appeal to the average American and the majority of voters. organization The Moral Majority, which was a group for evangelical and fundamentalist Christians who interpreted the bible literally and condemned liberal beliefs as "wrong" and their own beliefs as "right". They raised money to support conservative candidates and did "direct-mail campaigns", both of which were attempts to get closer to their political goals. (p. 1037-38).
3) Issues and Interests:
The issues and interests of the new conservative group were mainly linked to religious beliefs: Conservatives were concerned about the Roe v. Wade decision, the teaching of evolution in schools, the ban on schools prayer, the lack of traditional "family values"(a.k.a. Christian values). The groups' main political goals were to reduce the size of the federal government and spending, promote traditional family values and "patriotic ideals", stimulate business by reducing government regulations and lowering taxes, and strengthen the national defense.
B.
Identify four factors that lead to Ronald Reagan's victory
1) The Iranian hostage crisis and weak economy under Jimmy Carter, who was his political opponent in the 1980 election, made him seem highly electable to the American public.
2) His conservative beliefs matched those of concerned conservatives who were unhappy with America's status on abortion, prayer in schools, the teaching of evolution in schools and other such issues made him popular with the right wing.
3) As an actor and a politician with years of experience, he was very comfortable and charming whilst in the public eye, making jokes and seeming relaxed, as opposed to Carter, who appeared stiff and uncomfortable in public.
4) Reagan had been elected as governor of California two times, and had given a speech nominating Barry Goldwater as a Republican presidential candidate, making him seen eligible for election in public office. He was also a spokesman for General Electric, and traveled the country promoting free enterprise and shrinking the federal government.
Monday, May 26, 2008
Wednesday, May 21, 2008
Chapter 31 Section 3 Worksheet
Oil Consumption in the 1970s
1. What was the trend in oil consumption from 1970 to 1973?
The amount of oil consumed by the U.S. went up steadily from 1970 to 1973. The amount consumed rose from about 28 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu.
2. How much oil did Americans consume in 1973?
Americans consumed 34 quadrillion Btu of oil in 1973.
3. In which year during the 1970s was oil consumption the greatest?
Oil consumption was the greatest during the 1970s in in 1978, when it reached a peak of 37 quadrillion Btu.
4. Why where there rather sharp declines in oil consumption after 1973 and 1979?
From 1973 to 1974, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) were angry with the U.S.'s support of Israel in the 1973 war with its Arabian neighbors. They retaliated by cutting oil exports to the U.S. and raising the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel, causing U.S. gasoline and heating oil prices to grow exponentially. In 1979, OPEC raised the price of oil again, this time from $12 a barrel to more than $30 a barrel.
5. What do you imagine happened to oil consumption in 1981? Why?
I assume that U.S. oil consumption declined steadily after 1979, when the price of oil rose from $12 a barrel to $30 a barrel. On the graph provided on the worksheet, it is shown that the U.S.'s oil consumption fell from about 37 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu. Unless the price of oil dropped drastically, it can be assumed that consumption would follow the same pattern.
6. Logically, why should the percentage of imported oil consumed in the United States have dropped in 1973-1974?
"Logically", the percentage of imported oil imported to the U.S. should have dropped in 1973 and 1974 because the leaders of OPEC, and organization which basically decided the price of oil, cut exports to the U.S. and raised the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel. It follows, ("logically", of course), that the U.S.'s consumption would fall.
Why do you think it did not?
I think it did not because by the point in the time that the prices were raised hugely, the U.S. was so dependent on foreign oil that simply not buying it was not an option anymore. So the imported oil to the U.S. did not drop, but it didn't rise either.
7. Until 1969, imported oil had never been more than 19.8% of the total amount of the oil consumed in the United States. In your own words, summarize what happened to U.S. reliance on foreign oil in the 1970s.
During the 1970s, for whatever reason (probably lack of national resources), the U.S.'s dependence on foreign oil went up exponentially. It went from 19.8% as the total amount imported in 1969 to a peak of 46% in 1977. The U.S. went from having little oil exported to being dependent on it for almost half of the oil consumed in the 1970s
1. What was the trend in oil consumption from 1970 to 1973?
The amount of oil consumed by the U.S. went up steadily from 1970 to 1973. The amount consumed rose from about 28 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu.
2. How much oil did Americans consume in 1973?
Americans consumed 34 quadrillion Btu of oil in 1973.
3. In which year during the 1970s was oil consumption the greatest?
Oil consumption was the greatest during the 1970s in in 1978, when it reached a peak of 37 quadrillion Btu.
4. Why where there rather sharp declines in oil consumption after 1973 and 1979?
From 1973 to 1974, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) were angry with the U.S.'s support of Israel in the 1973 war with its Arabian neighbors. They retaliated by cutting oil exports to the U.S. and raising the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel, causing U.S. gasoline and heating oil prices to grow exponentially. In 1979, OPEC raised the price of oil again, this time from $12 a barrel to more than $30 a barrel.
5. What do you imagine happened to oil consumption in 1981? Why?
I assume that U.S. oil consumption declined steadily after 1979, when the price of oil rose from $12 a barrel to $30 a barrel. On the graph provided on the worksheet, it is shown that the U.S.'s oil consumption fell from about 37 quadrillion Btu to 34 quadrillion Btu. Unless the price of oil dropped drastically, it can be assumed that consumption would follow the same pattern.
6. Logically, why should the percentage of imported oil consumed in the United States have dropped in 1973-1974?
"Logically", the percentage of imported oil imported to the U.S. should have dropped in 1973 and 1974 because the leaders of OPEC, and organization which basically decided the price of oil, cut exports to the U.S. and raised the price of oil from $3 a barrel to $12 a barrel. It follows, ("logically", of course), that the U.S.'s consumption would fall.
Why do you think it did not?
I think it did not because by the point in the time that the prices were raised hugely, the U.S. was so dependent on foreign oil that simply not buying it was not an option anymore. So the imported oil to the U.S. did not drop, but it didn't rise either.
7. Until 1969, imported oil had never been more than 19.8% of the total amount of the oil consumed in the United States. In your own words, summarize what happened to U.S. reliance on foreign oil in the 1970s.
During the 1970s, for whatever reason (probably lack of national resources), the U.S.'s dependence on foreign oil went up exponentially. It went from 19.8% as the total amount imported in 1969 to a peak of 46% in 1977. The U.S. went from having little oil exported to being dependent on it for almost half of the oil consumed in the 1970s
Friday, May 16, 2008
Chapter 31 Section 2 Study Guide
How did each of the following helped create or advance the women's rights movement?
1. Experiences in the Workplace: only one out of three women worked for wages in the 1950s, but by the 1960s the number had increased by 40%. At the time, though , there were "women's jobs" and "men's jobs'; women were generally nurses, social work, teaching, retail sales, etc. This was mostly ignored until President Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women showed that women working the same jobs earned far less and were rarely appointed to management positions. This made many women realize how unequal they really were in society.
2. Experiences in Social Activism: Women who were involved in Civil Rights era activism realized there, that women were treated unfairly even by groups that were meant to equalize people. In organizations such as the SNCC, men did most of the major work and planning while women were assigned lesser roles and were ignored by men when they protested this. This inspired many women to organize groups to talk about problems women faced in society...
3. "Consciousness Raising": ...in these groups, women shared their experiences with each other and were able to discover that they were not the only ones feeling unequal, and were shown that there was a frequent pattern of sexism in all of their lives.
4. Feminism: The belief that women should have economic, political and social equality to men, gained popularity in the mid-1800s and ended up with women winning the vote in 1919. After women won the vote, feminism declined, but was reawakened in the 1960 because of the political activism of the time. Inspired women to fight for their rights.
5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: A best seller in the 1960s, The Feminine Mystique expressed the feelings of many women at the time who weren't content with their roles in society and made many women more inspired to be active about it; by the end of the 1960s many women were working together to change things.
6. Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination based on gender, race, religion, or national origin. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which handled discrimination claims.
7. National Organization for Women (NOW): Many women felt that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the EEOC didn't adequately handle women's problems, and so NOW was established by activist Gloria Steinem and 28 other women. it pushed for the creation of childcare programs that would allow mothers to pursue educations and jobs, pressured the EEOC to pursue cases of gender discrimination in employment more vigorously, which prompted the EEOC to make it illegal for jobs to be sex segregated.
8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine: Steinem helped to found the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971, a group that encouraged women to seek political office. She also founded Ms. Magazine, a magazine that looked at contemporary issues from a feminist perspective.
9. Congress: Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in "any education program or activity receiving federal finance" in 1972, as a part of the Higher Education Act. It also expanded the powers of the EEOC and gave working parents tax break for child care expenses.
10. Supreme Court: In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in Roe. v. Wade that a woman had the right to an abortion in her first trimester. Many thought that this decision would cool the public debate on the topic, but it is still a controversial topic.
1. Experiences in the Workplace: only one out of three women worked for wages in the 1950s, but by the 1960s the number had increased by 40%. At the time, though , there were "women's jobs" and "men's jobs'; women were generally nurses, social work, teaching, retail sales, etc. This was mostly ignored until President Kennedy's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women showed that women working the same jobs earned far less and were rarely appointed to management positions. This made many women realize how unequal they really were in society.
2. Experiences in Social Activism: Women who were involved in Civil Rights era activism realized there, that women were treated unfairly even by groups that were meant to equalize people. In organizations such as the SNCC, men did most of the major work and planning while women were assigned lesser roles and were ignored by men when they protested this. This inspired many women to organize groups to talk about problems women faced in society...
3. "Consciousness Raising": ...in these groups, women shared their experiences with each other and were able to discover that they were not the only ones feeling unequal, and were shown that there was a frequent pattern of sexism in all of their lives.
4. Feminism: The belief that women should have economic, political and social equality to men, gained popularity in the mid-1800s and ended up with women winning the vote in 1919. After women won the vote, feminism declined, but was reawakened in the 1960 because of the political activism of the time. Inspired women to fight for their rights.
5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique: A best seller in the 1960s, The Feminine Mystique expressed the feelings of many women at the time who weren't content with their roles in society and made many women more inspired to be active about it; by the end of the 1960s many women were working together to change things.
6. Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination based on gender, race, religion, or national origin. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which handled discrimination claims.
7. National Organization for Women (NOW): Many women felt that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the EEOC didn't adequately handle women's problems, and so NOW was established by activist Gloria Steinem and 28 other women. it pushed for the creation of childcare programs that would allow mothers to pursue educations and jobs, pressured the EEOC to pursue cases of gender discrimination in employment more vigorously, which prompted the EEOC to make it illegal for jobs to be sex segregated.
8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine: Steinem helped to found the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971, a group that encouraged women to seek political office. She also founded Ms. Magazine, a magazine that looked at contemporary issues from a feminist perspective.
9. Congress: Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination in "any education program or activity receiving federal finance" in 1972, as a part of the Higher Education Act. It also expanded the powers of the EEOC and gave working parents tax break for child care expenses.
10. Supreme Court: In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in Roe. v. Wade that a woman had the right to an abortion in her first trimester. Many thought that this decision would cool the public debate on the topic, but it is still a controversial topic.
Wednesday, May 14, 2008
Chapter 31 Section 1 Study Guide
What did Latinos campaign for?
1. Improved working conditions and better treatment for farm workers:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?: The National Farm Workers Association merged with a Filipino agricultural union to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. The union demanded to be recognized by fruit and veg companies in return for workers being employed by them. When a grape company refused these conditions,a nation wide boycott of the company's grapes was started. Farm workers were sent to supermarkets to convince them and shoppers not to buy California grapes.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The leader of the organization, Caesar Chavez met with Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and in 1970 the grape company and the union came to an agreement: union workers would be given higher wages and other benefits that they had been denied for years.
2. Education programs for Spanish-speaking students:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Puerto Rican population of New York started demanding that there be classes for Spanish-speaking children in their own language along with programs about their culture.
The Brown Berets was a group that organized walk outs in Los Angeles schools. About 15,000 students left the schools and demanded that there be more Mexican American teachers and administrators, smaller classes and programs that would help the high drop out rate in Latinos. Another Latino group won the establishment of "Chicano" (Mexican) study programs at colleges and universities.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The Bilingual Education Act was enacted by Congress in 1968, which provided funds for schools to develop bilingual and cultural programs for children that didn't speak English.
3. More political power:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Mexican American Political Association helped to get L.A. politician Edward Roybal elected to the House of Representatives. With the help of Latino political organization in the 1960s, 8 Latin Americans served in the House of Representatives, and one was elected as a senator. La Raza Unida is another political party established in the 1970s. It ran Latino candidates in 5 states and helped Latinos become mayors, parts of schools boards and city councils. Reis Tijerina lead a raid on the Rio Arriba County Courthouse in New Mexico, land that had been taken from Mexican landholders during the 1800s. The aim was to force people to recognize the plight of New Mexican farm workers, but they were later arrested.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
No laws were passed.
What did Native American groups campaign for?
4. Healthier, more secure lives of their own choosing:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Declaration of Indian Purpose was signed by representatives of 61 Native American groups. it called for the end of the "termination program" which was in effect to attempt to fix some of the problems facing native Americans, but in fact hadn't helped the Native Americans at all and was just causing problems. it was in favor of policies that created economic opportunities for Native Americans and stressed the importance of the N.A.'s to "find their own way of life".
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Lyndon Johnson established the National Council on Indian opportunity in 1968 to "ensure that programs reflect the needs and desires of the Indian people".
5. Restoration of Indian lands, burial grounds, fishing and timber rights:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
Native Americans, in order to get their land back, brought copies of old land treaties that had been broken by the U.S. to court and were able to get some of their land back. The Tao tribe of New Mexico, for example, regained possession of their sacred Blue Lake and some surrounding land. All throughout the 70s and 80s Native Americans went to court and regained their land as well as getting compensation for their losses.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Land claims by Alaskans caused the Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act of 1971, which gave more than 40 million acres of land and paid more than $962 in cash.
1. Improved working conditions and better treatment for farm workers:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?: The National Farm Workers Association merged with a Filipino agricultural union to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. The union demanded to be recognized by fruit and veg companies in return for workers being employed by them. When a grape company refused these conditions,a nation wide boycott of the company's grapes was started. Farm workers were sent to supermarkets to convince them and shoppers not to buy California grapes.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The leader of the organization, Caesar Chavez met with Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and in 1970 the grape company and the union came to an agreement: union workers would be given higher wages and other benefits that they had been denied for years.
2. Education programs for Spanish-speaking students:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Puerto Rican population of New York started demanding that there be classes for Spanish-speaking children in their own language along with programs about their culture.
The Brown Berets was a group that organized walk outs in Los Angeles schools. About 15,000 students left the schools and demanded that there be more Mexican American teachers and administrators, smaller classes and programs that would help the high drop out rate in Latinos. Another Latino group won the establishment of "Chicano" (Mexican) study programs at colleges and universities.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
The Bilingual Education Act was enacted by Congress in 1968, which provided funds for schools to develop bilingual and cultural programs for children that didn't speak English.
3. More political power:
How did some Latino groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Mexican American Political Association helped to get L.A. politician Edward Roybal elected to the House of Representatives. With the help of Latino political organization in the 1960s, 8 Latin Americans served in the House of Representatives, and one was elected as a senator. La Raza Unida is another political party established in the 1970s. It ran Latino candidates in 5 states and helped Latinos become mayors, parts of schools boards and city councils. Reis Tijerina lead a raid on the Rio Arriba County Courthouse in New Mexico, land that had been taken from Mexican landholders during the 1800s. The aim was to force people to recognize the plight of New Mexican farm workers, but they were later arrested.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
No laws were passed.
What did Native American groups campaign for?
4. Healthier, more secure lives of their own choosing:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
The Declaration of Indian Purpose was signed by representatives of 61 Native American groups. it called for the end of the "termination program" which was in effect to attempt to fix some of the problems facing native Americans, but in fact hadn't helped the Native Americans at all and was just causing problems. it was in favor of policies that created economic opportunities for Native Americans and stressed the importance of the N.A.'s to "find their own way of life".
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Lyndon Johnson established the National Council on Indian opportunity in 1968 to "ensure that programs reflect the needs and desires of the Indian people".
5. Restoration of Indian lands, burial grounds, fishing and timber rights:
How did some Native American groups go about getting what they wanted?:
Native Americans, in order to get their land back, brought copies of old land treaties that had been broken by the U.S. to court and were able to get some of their land back. The Tao tribe of New Mexico, for example, regained possession of their sacred Blue Lake and some surrounding land. All throughout the 70s and 80s Native Americans went to court and regained their land as well as getting compensation for their losses.
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these problems?:
Land claims by Alaskans caused the Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act of 1971, which gave more than 40 million acres of land and paid more than $962 in cash.
Sunday, May 11, 2008
Chapter 25 Section 4 Study Guide
How did the war and its aftermath affect the following?
1. Labor: During the war, the need for laborers caused the unemployment rate to drop to 1.2% at the lowest in 1944 and the average weekly paycheck rose by 35%.
2. Agriculture: The weather for growing crops was good in the 1940s, and improvements in farm equipment and fertilizers added to this. Crop prices were rising rapidly, and crop production rose by 50% with the farm income tripling. Many farmers were able to pay off their mortgages by the end of the 40s.
3. Population Centers: During and after the war, many Americans migrated to find work in other places; California had 1 million people come in between 1941 and 1944, and towns that had factories that were producing things for the war had their populations double and sometimes triple. A great number of African Americans also left the South for northern cities in this period.
4. Family Life: Families were torn apart during the war as fathers were sent to fight overseas and mothers went to work during the day to support their families. Children were often left to daycare centers or in the care of relatives, and when the fathers came home from war the families had to get to know each other again. Many times, couples hurried to get married before their significant other was sent to the war; the number of marriage licenses went up by 300% in the early years of the war in Seattle.
5. Returning G.I.s: The Servicemen's Readjustment Act (a.k.a. the G.I. Bill of Rights) provided education and and training for men who were trying to readjust after coming home, all paid for by the government. About 7.8 million veterans (about half of all the veterans) attended colleges and technical schools because of the bill, and veterans buying homes or farms or starting businesses were given a federal loan guarantee.
How did these groups react to racism during and after the war?
6. African Americans: During the war African Americans were able to make progress towards equality, many moving north and the number of African Americans working skilled or semi-skilled jobs rising from 16% to 30%. To confront problems like discrimination and segregation, the Congress of Racial Equality was started, which combated urban segregation in the north and stages it-ins. In 1943, racial tension caused by African Americans moving into crowded cities erupted into a 3 day riot, which resulted in the death of 9 whites and 25 blacks. This forced people to see that racial tension in the U.S. was a serious problem, and by 1945 more than 400 committees dedicated to helping this problem had been established.
7. Mexican Americans: During the years of the war, there were a lot of anti-Mexican feelings, particularly in places like California where there were higher populations of Mexican Americans. In 1943 the anti-Mexican "zoot suit" (a zoot suit was a suit worn by Mexican American youths who wanted to rebel against tradition) riots broke out. The riot started when 11 sailors in Los Angeles claimed to have been attacked by Mexican Americans in zoot suits. the result was extreme violence : people barged into Mexican American neighborhoods and attacked anyone wearing zoot suits, ripping the suits off and beating them mercilessly.
8. Japanese Americans: Due to the fear resulting from Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, there was a wave of prejudice against Japanese Americans. In 1942, the War Department called for an emergency evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii. The military governor of Hawaii initially resisted this because it would screw with Hawaii's economy and would be bad for U.S. military operations there (37% of Hawaii's population was Japanese American), but was finally forced to allow the internment of 1,444 Japanese Americans. On the west coast, where 1% of the population was Japanese American, newspapers ran ugly stories attacking Japanese Americans, and stirred up prejudice in whites. In 1942 Roosevelt signed an order that required all people of Japanese ancestry in California to be removed to designated areas in Washington, Oregon and Arizona, saying it was a necessary security measure. The army then rounded up about 110,000 Japanese Americans and sent them to shoddy prison camps, which was justified as a "military necessity" by the Supreme Court in 1944's Korematsu v. United States. After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League pushed Congress to compensate these families, and the court designated the spending of $38 million as compensation, which was only a tenth of what Japanese Americans lost.
1. Labor: During the war, the need for laborers caused the unemployment rate to drop to 1.2% at the lowest in 1944 and the average weekly paycheck rose by 35%.
2. Agriculture: The weather for growing crops was good in the 1940s, and improvements in farm equipment and fertilizers added to this. Crop prices were rising rapidly, and crop production rose by 50% with the farm income tripling. Many farmers were able to pay off their mortgages by the end of the 40s.
3. Population Centers: During and after the war, many Americans migrated to find work in other places; California had 1 million people come in between 1941 and 1944, and towns that had factories that were producing things for the war had their populations double and sometimes triple. A great number of African Americans also left the South for northern cities in this period.
4. Family Life: Families were torn apart during the war as fathers were sent to fight overseas and mothers went to work during the day to support their families. Children were often left to daycare centers or in the care of relatives, and when the fathers came home from war the families had to get to know each other again. Many times, couples hurried to get married before their significant other was sent to the war; the number of marriage licenses went up by 300% in the early years of the war in Seattle.
5. Returning G.I.s: The Servicemen's Readjustment Act (a.k.a. the G.I. Bill of Rights) provided education and and training for men who were trying to readjust after coming home, all paid for by the government. About 7.8 million veterans (about half of all the veterans) attended colleges and technical schools because of the bill, and veterans buying homes or farms or starting businesses were given a federal loan guarantee.
How did these groups react to racism during and after the war?
6. African Americans: During the war African Americans were able to make progress towards equality, many moving north and the number of African Americans working skilled or semi-skilled jobs rising from 16% to 30%. To confront problems like discrimination and segregation, the Congress of Racial Equality was started, which combated urban segregation in the north and stages it-ins. In 1943, racial tension caused by African Americans moving into crowded cities erupted into a 3 day riot, which resulted in the death of 9 whites and 25 blacks. This forced people to see that racial tension in the U.S. was a serious problem, and by 1945 more than 400 committees dedicated to helping this problem had been established.
7. Mexican Americans: During the years of the war, there were a lot of anti-Mexican feelings, particularly in places like California where there were higher populations of Mexican Americans. In 1943 the anti-Mexican "zoot suit" (a zoot suit was a suit worn by Mexican American youths who wanted to rebel against tradition) riots broke out. The riot started when 11 sailors in Los Angeles claimed to have been attacked by Mexican Americans in zoot suits. the result was extreme violence : people barged into Mexican American neighborhoods and attacked anyone wearing zoot suits, ripping the suits off and beating them mercilessly.
8. Japanese Americans: Due to the fear resulting from Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, there was a wave of prejudice against Japanese Americans. In 1942, the War Department called for an emergency evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii. The military governor of Hawaii initially resisted this because it would screw with Hawaii's economy and would be bad for U.S. military operations there (37% of Hawaii's population was Japanese American), but was finally forced to allow the internment of 1,444 Japanese Americans. On the west coast, where 1% of the population was Japanese American, newspapers ran ugly stories attacking Japanese Americans, and stirred up prejudice in whites. In 1942 Roosevelt signed an order that required all people of Japanese ancestry in California to be removed to designated areas in Washington, Oregon and Arizona, saying it was a necessary security measure. The army then rounded up about 110,000 Japanese Americans and sent them to shoddy prison camps, which was justified as a "military necessity" by the Supreme Court in 1944's Korematsu v. United States. After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League pushed Congress to compensate these families, and the court designated the spending of $38 million as compensation, which was only a tenth of what Japanese Americans lost.
Saturday, May 10, 2008
Chapter 25 Section 1 Study Guide
How did each contribute to the war effort?
1) Selective Services Act: When the U.S. got involved in World War II, 5 million men had enlisted to fight in the war. This number wasn't great enough for a massive war involving the most powerful nations in the world, though, so the Selective Service System expanded the draft and because of it another 10 million men were enlisted in military services.
2) Women and Minoritites: Because so many white men were fighting in World War II, the government was forced to turn to women and minorities to fulfill the work force needs of the war. The Woman's Auxiliary Army Group was established after a bill endorsed by America's Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall, and it allowed women volunteers to serve in noncombat positions; they WAACs often served as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, etc. They were also granted full U.S. army benefits, and the "auxiliary" status of the group was dropped. Minorities also contributed greatly to the war effort. Although discrimination was prevalent in the military, 300,000 Mexican Americans, 1 million African Americans (who worked in segregated divisions and generally had noncombat roles; this was protested and the African American soldiers were allowed to fight in the last year of the war), 13,000 Chinese Americans, 33,000 Japanese Americans (who sometimes worked as spies and interpreters) and 25,000 Native Americans all volunteered and fought in the war.
3) Manufacturers: Many manufacturers stopped the production of their usual products so that they could produce things that would contribute to the war effort. Automobile factories were reequipped to produce tanks, planes and cars; a mechanical pencil factory started making bomb parts; a soft drink company started filling shells with explosives. Shipyards and defense plants also started to grow exponentially and turned out many more ships and planes than ever: 7 huge new shipyards were built by one industrialist who also built a ship called the Hull 440 which was built in 4 days.
4) A. Philip Randolph: A respected African American labor leader, he protested discrimination in the military and in war production industries by organizing a march on Washington. 100,000 African Americans were to come and march in protest that they didn't have the right to fight and world for their country. To stop the march, which Roosevelt feared would create resentment amongst whites and even result in violence, the president issued an executive order that made employers and labor unions allow blacks to work with them.
5) Office of Scientific Research and Development: The OSRD was created by President Roosevelt in 1941 in order to bring scientists into the war effort. It worked on improving radar and sonar for the detection of submarines, created pesticides such as DDT so that American soldiers would be free of body lice and other nasty creatures. It also helped develop drugs such as penicillin, which saved many wounded soldiers. Most importantly, the OSRD developed the atom bomb after Albert Einstein contacted the president and told him that German scientists had succeeded in splitting uranium atoms and could make a weapon using the immense power given off when that happened. The OSRD then went to work immediately in order to beat the Germans in creating the bomb, starting in 1942.
6) Entertainment Industry: During the war, the entertainment industry made a lot of propaganda films that were in favor of the U.S.'s ally, the Soviet Union, and depicted Nazis as horrible ; this "energized people to join the war effort". After people were sick of depressing films about the war a few years later, the industry started making lighthearted romances and musicals that would allow the audience to forget abut the war briefly.
7) Office of Price Administration: While factories were producing things for the war effort, the amount of things available for consumers to buy was very low; this increase in demand and decrease in supply guaranteed a huge rise in prices. Roosevelt responded by setting up the OPA, which froze prices on goods, stopping inflation, raised and extended the income tax, and encouraged Americans to buy war bonds with their extra money. This kept inflation below 30% (half of what it was during World War I).
8) War Production Board: Ensured that the armed forces and war industries had the necessary materials to win the war. The WPB decided which companies would become makers of materials for the war rather than what they produced in peacetime; it organized drives for tin cans, scrap iron, paper and other materials that could be of use that Americans didn't need.
9) Rationing: The OPA started a system for rationing. Homes would receive coupon books for buying meat, sugar, coffee, shoes and other items. People who worked would carpool and ride bicycles to conserve gas. This ensured that the materials that were needed for the war were available.
1) Selective Services Act: When the U.S. got involved in World War II, 5 million men had enlisted to fight in the war. This number wasn't great enough for a massive war involving the most powerful nations in the world, though, so the Selective Service System expanded the draft and because of it another 10 million men were enlisted in military services.
2) Women and Minoritites: Because so many white men were fighting in World War II, the government was forced to turn to women and minorities to fulfill the work force needs of the war. The Woman's Auxiliary Army Group was established after a bill endorsed by America's Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall, and it allowed women volunteers to serve in noncombat positions; they WAACs often served as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, etc. They were also granted full U.S. army benefits, and the "auxiliary" status of the group was dropped. Minorities also contributed greatly to the war effort. Although discrimination was prevalent in the military, 300,000 Mexican Americans, 1 million African Americans (who worked in segregated divisions and generally had noncombat roles; this was protested and the African American soldiers were allowed to fight in the last year of the war), 13,000 Chinese Americans, 33,000 Japanese Americans (who sometimes worked as spies and interpreters) and 25,000 Native Americans all volunteered and fought in the war.
3) Manufacturers: Many manufacturers stopped the production of their usual products so that they could produce things that would contribute to the war effort. Automobile factories were reequipped to produce tanks, planes and cars; a mechanical pencil factory started making bomb parts; a soft drink company started filling shells with explosives. Shipyards and defense plants also started to grow exponentially and turned out many more ships and planes than ever: 7 huge new shipyards were built by one industrialist who also built a ship called the Hull 440 which was built in 4 days.
4) A. Philip Randolph: A respected African American labor leader, he protested discrimination in the military and in war production industries by organizing a march on Washington. 100,000 African Americans were to come and march in protest that they didn't have the right to fight and world for their country. To stop the march, which Roosevelt feared would create resentment amongst whites and even result in violence, the president issued an executive order that made employers and labor unions allow blacks to work with them.
5) Office of Scientific Research and Development: The OSRD was created by President Roosevelt in 1941 in order to bring scientists into the war effort. It worked on improving radar and sonar for the detection of submarines, created pesticides such as DDT so that American soldiers would be free of body lice and other nasty creatures. It also helped develop drugs such as penicillin, which saved many wounded soldiers. Most importantly, the OSRD developed the atom bomb after Albert Einstein contacted the president and told him that German scientists had succeeded in splitting uranium atoms and could make a weapon using the immense power given off when that happened. The OSRD then went to work immediately in order to beat the Germans in creating the bomb, starting in 1942.
6) Entertainment Industry: During the war, the entertainment industry made a lot of propaganda films that were in favor of the U.S.'s ally, the Soviet Union, and depicted Nazis as horrible ; this "energized people to join the war effort". After people were sick of depressing films about the war a few years later, the industry started making lighthearted romances and musicals that would allow the audience to forget abut the war briefly.
7) Office of Price Administration: While factories were producing things for the war effort, the amount of things available for consumers to buy was very low; this increase in demand and decrease in supply guaranteed a huge rise in prices. Roosevelt responded by setting up the OPA, which froze prices on goods, stopping inflation, raised and extended the income tax, and encouraged Americans to buy war bonds with their extra money. This kept inflation below 30% (half of what it was during World War I).
8) War Production Board: Ensured that the armed forces and war industries had the necessary materials to win the war. The WPB decided which companies would become makers of materials for the war rather than what they produced in peacetime; it organized drives for tin cans, scrap iron, paper and other materials that could be of use that Americans didn't need.
9) Rationing: The OPA started a system for rationing. Homes would receive coupon books for buying meat, sugar, coffee, shoes and other items. People who worked would carpool and ride bicycles to conserve gas. This ensured that the materials that were needed for the war were available.
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
Current Events Summary
The prime minster of India Manmohan Singh has announced that the country will be investing in African development projects in order to build economic and diplomatic ties between the two countries. The first summit was held in Delhi, and it was reported that India will spend more than $500 million in contribution to projects. This would be hugely beneficial to the development of these projects in Africa, and Singh says that India will help with easier exports out of Africa's poorest countries. (BBCnews.com)
It is being reported by BBCnews.com that if the UN continues to withdraw its peacekeepers in Ethiopia and Eritrea war could break out between the feuding countries. Ethiopia and Eritrea have been unable to cooperate since their border war that went from 1998 to 2000 in which tens of thousands of people died. After the war was stopped, there were about 17000 UN troops monitoring the borders, but the number is now 164, and the remaining troops may be removed because Eritrea is refusing to supply food and fuel to the mission on the grounds that the UN is allowing Ethiopia to occupy Eritrean territory. Eritrea's ambassador Araya Desta has said that although Eritrea is not planning to attack Ethiopia, the country is prepared to fend off an invasion. "If the Ethiopians invade us, we'll be forced to defend ourselves". The UN secretary General Ban Ki-moon warns that the war could restart if UN troops are completely removed, and has also said that it will set a bad precedent if countries see that the UN can be bullied into leaving an area. (BBCnews.com)
Rising food prices caused by poor crop growing weather, increased demand and reduced production have caused riots to start in African countries such as Egypt and in others, including Haiti and the Philippines. In response to this, President George W. Bush has ordered $200 million in aid to be sent to countries experiencing food shortages. "This additional food aid will address the impact of rising commodity prices on US emergency food aid programmes and be used to meet unanticipated food aid needs in Africa and elsewhere," the White House said in a statement. The food crisis seems to be growing exponentially worse, and so the UN's World Food Program is making an appeal for $500 million as an emergency measure to prevent the starvation of thousands of people in impoverished countries. (BBCnews.com)
The U.S. has confessed to carrying out a missile strike that killed a leader of a Somali-based Islamist militant group. It was disclosed only that the target of the attack was an al-Qaeda leader in the town of Dusamareb; it was not said who the intended victim was. The missile hit the home of Aden Hashi Ayro, who is the military head of the militant group that controls most of Somalia, al-Shabab, who was killed along with another military leader of al-Shabab and at least 10 other people. "It was an attack. If we say too much then we give away platforms and things that we use," CentCom spokesman Bob Prucha said, and " "It was an attack against a known al-Qaeda target and militia leader in Somalia". (BBCnews.com)
In response to the rising threat of piracy in Somalia, France and the U.S. have introduced to the UN a "draft resolution" (co sponsored by Britain and Panama), which if passed would give the countries the right to use "all necessary means" to combat piracy of the Somalian coast. In the past year there have been 12 pirate attacks in the area, the most recent being the robbing of Spanish fishing boat and the kidnapping of its 26 crewman, who were held for a $1.2. million ransom. The passing of the resolution would allow the use of boarding, searching and seizing potential pirate ships. (BBCnews.com)
It is being reported by BBCnews.com that if the UN continues to withdraw its peacekeepers in Ethiopia and Eritrea war could break out between the feuding countries. Ethiopia and Eritrea have been unable to cooperate since their border war that went from 1998 to 2000 in which tens of thousands of people died. After the war was stopped, there were about 17000 UN troops monitoring the borders, but the number is now 164, and the remaining troops may be removed because Eritrea is refusing to supply food and fuel to the mission on the grounds that the UN is allowing Ethiopia to occupy Eritrean territory. Eritrea's ambassador Araya Desta has said that although Eritrea is not planning to attack Ethiopia, the country is prepared to fend off an invasion. "If the Ethiopians invade us, we'll be forced to defend ourselves". The UN secretary General Ban Ki-moon warns that the war could restart if UN troops are completely removed, and has also said that it will set a bad precedent if countries see that the UN can be bullied into leaving an area. (BBCnews.com)
Rising food prices caused by poor crop growing weather, increased demand and reduced production have caused riots to start in African countries such as Egypt and in others, including Haiti and the Philippines. In response to this, President George W. Bush has ordered $200 million in aid to be sent to countries experiencing food shortages. "This additional food aid will address the impact of rising commodity prices on US emergency food aid programmes and be used to meet unanticipated food aid needs in Africa and elsewhere," the White House said in a statement. The food crisis seems to be growing exponentially worse, and so the UN's World Food Program is making an appeal for $500 million as an emergency measure to prevent the starvation of thousands of people in impoverished countries. (BBCnews.com)
The U.S. has confessed to carrying out a missile strike that killed a leader of a Somali-based Islamist militant group. It was disclosed only that the target of the attack was an al-Qaeda leader in the town of Dusamareb; it was not said who the intended victim was. The missile hit the home of Aden Hashi Ayro, who is the military head of the militant group that controls most of Somalia, al-Shabab, who was killed along with another military leader of al-Shabab and at least 10 other people. "It was an attack. If we say too much then we give away platforms and things that we use," CentCom spokesman Bob Prucha said, and " "It was an attack against a known al-Qaeda target and militia leader in Somalia". (BBCnews.com)
In response to the rising threat of piracy in Somalia, France and the U.S. have introduced to the UN a "draft resolution" (co sponsored by Britain and Panama), which if passed would give the countries the right to use "all necessary means" to combat piracy of the Somalian coast. In the past year there have been 12 pirate attacks in the area, the most recent being the robbing of Spanish fishing boat and the kidnapping of its 26 crewman, who were held for a $1.2. million ransom. The passing of the resolution would allow the use of boarding, searching and seizing potential pirate ships. (BBCnews.com)
Monday, May 5, 2008
Chapter 29 Homework (Section 1 worksheet C)
1. West Virginia, Missouri, Delaware, Maryland, Arkansas and Texas all started desegregating schools the year of the Brown v. Board decision.
2. Desegregation didn't start until the 1960s in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina.
3. Generally, schools that started desegregation earlier were more integrated by 1964; for example, in Kentucky and Virginia the schools had more than 60% of African American students attending integrated schoolsby 1964, whereas Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina all had less than 1% of African American students in integrated schools. The "glaring exception" to that trend is Arkansas, which started integration in 1954 when the Brown decision was passed but had less than 1% of African American students in desegregated schools.
4. 30 to 60% of African American students were in integrated schools by 1964 in Maryland, Delaware, Oklahoma and Missouri.
5. The number of African American students attending public schools was less than the region's average (11%) in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia.
6. Of the states mentioned in question 5, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina were the furthest below the average (all were less than 1% integrated).
7. All of these states are in the deep South, were civil rights met the most resistance. It makes sense that this would be where the schools were the least integrated. People from those regions were generally vehemently against desegregation.
2. Desegregation didn't start until the 1960s in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina.
3. Generally, schools that started desegregation earlier were more integrated by 1964; for example, in Kentucky and Virginia the schools had more than 60% of African American students attending integrated schoolsby 1964, whereas Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina all had less than 1% of African American students in integrated schools. The "glaring exception" to that trend is Arkansas, which started integration in 1954 when the Brown decision was passed but had less than 1% of African American students in desegregated schools.
4. 30 to 60% of African American students were in integrated schools by 1964 in Maryland, Delaware, Oklahoma and Missouri.
5. The number of African American students attending public schools was less than the region's average (11%) in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia.
6. Of the states mentioned in question 5, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina were the furthest below the average (all were less than 1% integrated).
7. All of these states are in the deep South, were civil rights met the most resistance. It makes sense that this would be where the schools were the least integrated. People from those regions were generally vehemently against desegregation.
Sunday, May 4, 2008
Chapter 29 Section 1 Study Guide
1. What did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 do? It outlawed segregation in public facilities on the grounds that everybody should be able to receive and enjoy the full accommodations of public facilities and "places of amusement". This act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883, and so was not upheld.
2. How did the court rule in Plessy? The court ruled that the "separate but equal" policy of Louisiana train stations did not violate the 14th amendment to the constitution.
3. In what way did World War II set the stage for the modern civil rights movement?
a. The labor shortage caused by young white men going to the war created an opportunity for African Americans and other minorities to do the jobs that needed doing that white men could only do before.
b. So many soldiers were needed for the war effort that the army was forced to drop its discriminatory policies and allow African Americans to fight as soldiers.
c. Many civil rights groups campaigned for African American voting rights during the war. President Roosevelt outlawed racial discrimination by federal agencies and all companies involved with war work.
4. Who argued Brown's case? Thurgood Marshall.
5. What did the Brown ruling declare? It declared that segregation in schools was in violation of the 14th amendment and should be made illegal.
6. What organization was formed in support of Rosa Parks? The Montgomery Improvement Association.
7. What did it do? It organized a bus boycott in response to the whole Rosa Parks fandango.
8. How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis? He put the Arkansas national guard under federal control and then ordered 1,000 paratroopers into Little Rock to accompany the students to school.
9. Who was the president of the SCLC? Martin Luther King, Jr.
10. What was SCLC's purpose? To "carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship".
11. What did SNCC accomplish and how? The SNCC organized a "sit-ins", a kind of nonviolent protest in which African American students would sit at white eating tables in restaurants. Other groups followed suit and many restaurants were either desegregated or forced to call the police.
2. How did the court rule in Plessy? The court ruled that the "separate but equal" policy of Louisiana train stations did not violate the 14th amendment to the constitution.
3. In what way did World War II set the stage for the modern civil rights movement?
a. The labor shortage caused by young white men going to the war created an opportunity for African Americans and other minorities to do the jobs that needed doing that white men could only do before.
b. So many soldiers were needed for the war effort that the army was forced to drop its discriminatory policies and allow African Americans to fight as soldiers.
c. Many civil rights groups campaigned for African American voting rights during the war. President Roosevelt outlawed racial discrimination by federal agencies and all companies involved with war work.
4. Who argued Brown's case? Thurgood Marshall.
5. What did the Brown ruling declare? It declared that segregation in schools was in violation of the 14th amendment and should be made illegal.
6. What organization was formed in support of Rosa Parks? The Montgomery Improvement Association.
7. What did it do? It organized a bus boycott in response to the whole Rosa Parks fandango.
8. How did President Eisenhower respond to the Little Rock crisis? He put the Arkansas national guard under federal control and then ordered 1,000 paratroopers into Little Rock to accompany the students to school.
9. Who was the president of the SCLC? Martin Luther King, Jr.
10. What was SCLC's purpose? To "carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship".
11. What did SNCC accomplish and how? The SNCC organized a "sit-ins", a kind of nonviolent protest in which African American students would sit at white eating tables in restaurants. Other groups followed suit and many restaurants were either desegregated or forced to call the police.
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